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<p>The lunar shadow during a total solar eclipse significantly reduces energy input into the upper atmosphere, inducing notable changes in the Earth's ionosphere. This study presents two novel methods for non-uniform and non-linear ionospheric background corrections to precisely detect total electron content (TEC) changes using dense multi-GNSS observations. Using the total solar eclipse over North America on April 8, 2024, as a case study, we first propose a non-uniform background correction technique to accurately capture ionospheric eclipse-induced TEC depletions. Applying the non-uniform correction shows an adjustment of about 23% at the MIBX station and up to 38% across North America relating to the maximum TEC depletion. The corrected results reveal the maximum TEC depletion of approximately 8–12 TECU, with the peak depletion occurring about 20–40&#xa0;min after the time of maximum eclipse. Secondly, we introduce a non-linear detrending approach for extracting differential TEC (dTEC), enabling the detection of solar eclipse-induced traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). These TIDs were observed to propagate along the eclipse path across the central and eastern United States, persisting for approximately one hour. The zonal TIDs exhibited a wavelength of 1327.7&#xa0;km, a propagation speed of 0.85&#xa0;km/s, and a period of 26&#xa0;min, while the meridional TIDs had a wavelength of 575&#xa0;km, a propagation speed of 0.48&#xa0;km/s, and a period of 20&#xa0;min. The proposed methods substantially improve the accuracy of ionospheric change detection during solar eclipses, providing valuable insights into ionospheric dynamics and their impacts on satellite-based navigation systems.</p>

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Non-uniform and Non-linear background correction methods for ionospheric TEC changes detection associated with solar eclipse

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月10日

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  • Liming He,
  • Yu Zhang,
  • Ronghua He,
  • Zhixiang Liu,
  • Zhengqi Zhao,
  • Xiukang An

摘要

The lunar shadow during a total solar eclipse significantly reduces energy input into the upper atmosphere, inducing notable changes in the Earth's ionosphere. This study presents two novel methods for non-uniform and non-linear ionospheric background corrections to precisely detect total electron content (TEC) changes using dense multi-GNSS observations. Using the total solar eclipse over North America on April 8, 2024, as a case study, we first propose a non-uniform background correction technique to accurately capture ionospheric eclipse-induced TEC depletions. Applying the non-uniform correction shows an adjustment of about 23% at the MIBX station and up to 38% across North America relating to the maximum TEC depletion. The corrected results reveal the maximum TEC depletion of approximately 8–12 TECU, with the peak depletion occurring about 20–40 min after the time of maximum eclipse. Secondly, we introduce a non-linear detrending approach for extracting differential TEC (dTEC), enabling the detection of solar eclipse-induced traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). These TIDs were observed to propagate along the eclipse path across the central and eastern United States, persisting for approximately one hour. The zonal TIDs exhibited a wavelength of 1327.7 km, a propagation speed of 0.85 km/s, and a period of 26 min, while the meridional TIDs had a wavelength of 575 km, a propagation speed of 0.48 km/s, and a period of 20 min. The proposed methods substantially improve the accuracy of ionospheric change detection during solar eclipses, providing valuable insights into ionospheric dynamics and their impacts on satellite-based navigation systems.