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<p>To enhance the performance and provide secure, stable, and reliable high-quality navigation service, navigation satellite systems would undergo regular upgrades and optimizations after launch. However, upgrading and maintenance operations may cause variations in the biases of code and carrier phase observations. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the BeiDou global navigation satellite system (Beidou-3) upgrades and maintenance operations from June 1 to October 1, 2022. Moreover, the impact of this Beidou-3 upgrades and maintenance operation on the multi-frequency satellite biases estimation as well as precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) have been also analyzed. The results demonstrated that these upgrades and maintenance operations caused the broadcast ephemeris to be unhealthy for several hours. In this time period, estimated high-rate differential code biases (DCBs) and wide-lane uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) exhibited significant jumps, especially in the inter-frequency DCB of C45 and C46 satellites, where the difference before and after maintenance could reach up to approximately 43.3&#xa0;ns. During the maintenance time period, compared with the daily constant strategy in the satellite biases estimation, using the piece-wise constant strategy could improve the PPP ambiguities residuals within ± 0.25 cycle from 67.7% to 93.8%. For Beidou-3 kinematic PPP-AR positioning performance, the positioning Root Mean Square (RMS) with piece-wise constant strategy was 1.0, 1.1 and 3.0&#xa0;cm for East (E), North (N) and Up (U) directions, respectively, while the corresponding positioning RMS with daily constant strategy was 1.2, 1.2 and 3.2&#xa0;cm. Currently, most of the satellite bias products provided by International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers (ACs) are based on daily constant strategy. To achieve reliable positioning result for the user-side, it is recommended to estimate the satellite bias products using piece-wise constants or higher temporal resolution strategy in the network-side.</p>

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Impact of Beidou-3 upgrades and maintenance on code/phase biases estimation and PPP ambiguity resolution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Tianjun Liu,
  • Hua Chen,
  • Weiping Jiang,
  • Chuanfeng Song,
  • Xingyu Zhou,
  • Jian Wang

摘要

To enhance the performance and provide secure, stable, and reliable high-quality navigation service, navigation satellite systems would undergo regular upgrades and optimizations after launch. However, upgrading and maintenance operations may cause variations in the biases of code and carrier phase observations. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the BeiDou global navigation satellite system (Beidou-3) upgrades and maintenance operations from June 1 to October 1, 2022. Moreover, the impact of this Beidou-3 upgrades and maintenance operation on the multi-frequency satellite biases estimation as well as precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) have been also analyzed. The results demonstrated that these upgrades and maintenance operations caused the broadcast ephemeris to be unhealthy for several hours. In this time period, estimated high-rate differential code biases (DCBs) and wide-lane uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) exhibited significant jumps, especially in the inter-frequency DCB of C45 and C46 satellites, where the difference before and after maintenance could reach up to approximately 43.3 ns. During the maintenance time period, compared with the daily constant strategy in the satellite biases estimation, using the piece-wise constant strategy could improve the PPP ambiguities residuals within ± 0.25 cycle from 67.7% to 93.8%. For Beidou-3 kinematic PPP-AR positioning performance, the positioning Root Mean Square (RMS) with piece-wise constant strategy was 1.0, 1.1 and 3.0 cm for East (E), North (N) and Up (U) directions, respectively, while the corresponding positioning RMS with daily constant strategy was 1.2, 1.2 and 3.2 cm. Currently, most of the satellite bias products provided by International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers (ACs) are based on daily constant strategy. To achieve reliable positioning result for the user-side, it is recommended to estimate the satellite bias products using piece-wise constants or higher temporal resolution strategy in the network-side.