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<p>The BDS-3 PPP-B2b of China can offer BDS-3/GPS real-time precise point positioning (PPP) service in the Asia-Pacific region, while the Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) of the European Union can offer Galileo/GPS real-time PPP service worldwide. Their service areas have a geographical overlap in the Asia-Pacific region and there is potential for their interoperability in terms of supported satellite systems. In this study, a tightly integrated real-time PPP model by incorporating observations from complementary constellations of PPP-B2b and HAS (rather than combining their PPP results) based on respective stand-alone service for the Asia-Pacific region is constructed. For comparison, we employ the strategy with BDS-3/GPS from PPP-B2b (B2b C/G), the strategy with Galileo/GPS from HAS (HAS E/G), the strategy with BDS-3/GPS from PPP-B2b and Galileo from HAS (B2b C/G + HAS E), and the strategy with Galileo/GPS from HAS and BDS-3 from PPP-B2b (HAS E/G + B2b C). The datasets from 18 stations over a week are employed. The B2b C/G + HAS E strategy has the best performance, followed by B2b C/G and HAS E/G + B2b C strategies, while the performance of HAS E/G strategy is the worst. The B2b C/G + HAS E strategy can provide a convergence time (processed every two hours) of 9.4&#xa0;min with a threshold of 20/40&#xa0;cm in horizontal/vertical directions, and a positioning accuracy (processed every 24&#xa0;h) of 4.2/3.2/9.1&#xa0;cm in east/north/up directions. Therefore, benefiting from the increased satellite number and improved satellite geometry, the integration of PPP-B2b and HAS can significantly improve the real-time PPP performance compared with respective stand-alone service.</p>

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BDS-3 PPP-B2b and Galileo HAS tightly integrated real-time PPP

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月7日

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  • Lin Pan,
  • Chen Yang

摘要

The BDS-3 PPP-B2b of China can offer BDS-3/GPS real-time precise point positioning (PPP) service in the Asia-Pacific region, while the Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) of the European Union can offer Galileo/GPS real-time PPP service worldwide. Their service areas have a geographical overlap in the Asia-Pacific region and there is potential for their interoperability in terms of supported satellite systems. In this study, a tightly integrated real-time PPP model by incorporating observations from complementary constellations of PPP-B2b and HAS (rather than combining their PPP results) based on respective stand-alone service for the Asia-Pacific region is constructed. For comparison, we employ the strategy with BDS-3/GPS from PPP-B2b (B2b C/G), the strategy with Galileo/GPS from HAS (HAS E/G), the strategy with BDS-3/GPS from PPP-B2b and Galileo from HAS (B2b C/G + HAS E), and the strategy with Galileo/GPS from HAS and BDS-3 from PPP-B2b (HAS E/G + B2b C). The datasets from 18 stations over a week are employed. The B2b C/G + HAS E strategy has the best performance, followed by B2b C/G and HAS E/G + B2b C strategies, while the performance of HAS E/G strategy is the worst. The B2b C/G + HAS E strategy can provide a convergence time (processed every two hours) of 9.4 min with a threshold of 20/40 cm in horizontal/vertical directions, and a positioning accuracy (processed every 24 h) of 4.2/3.2/9.1 cm in east/north/up directions. Therefore, benefiting from the increased satellite number and improved satellite geometry, the integration of PPP-B2b and HAS can significantly improve the real-time PPP performance compared with respective stand-alone service.