<p>With the escalating prevalence of in-band interference, the vulnerability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to potential jamming or spoofing threats has become a critical concern. The proliferation of GNSS repeaters, commonly known as meaconers (electronic devices that intercept GNSS signals, amplify them, and subsequently rebroadcast them) contributes to this threat landscape, by compromising GNSS accuracy, availability, continuity, and integrity. Specifically, the performance of standardized aviation receivers might be degraded when exposed to meaconing interference, causing critical yet unknown safety issues. This study assesses the robustness against meaconing, by evaluating the behavior of the checks performed by a certified aviation receiver. Firstly, the precise mathematical models of the GNSS observables (code, phase, smoothed pseudoranges, and carrier-to-noise density ratio <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10291_2024_1804_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$C/{N}_{0}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) are derived under meaconing interference. Secondly, this study evaluates the robustness of the aviation consistency tests performed on the pseudoranges in the presence of meaconing. Thirdly, this paper classifies the meaconer impacts at the position level, to analyze in each situation the robustness brought by the fault detection test. Finally, the effects of meaconing on the accuracy, the availability, and the integrity of the estimated positions are presented for each situation. It is shown that a meaconer deteriorates the accuracy and availability, and marginally increases the probability of misleading position information. This comprehensive analysis contributes to better understand the risks associated with meaconing signals and paves the path to a global assessment of the meaconer impact during an approach phase of flight, integrating piloting considerations.</p>

GNSS performance degradation under meaconing in civil aviation: pseudorange and position models

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2025年4月11日

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Mathieu Hussong,
Emile Ghizzo,
Carl Milner,
Axel Garcia-Pena

摘要

With the escalating prevalence of in-band interference, the vulnerability of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to potential jamming or spoofing threats has become a critical concern. The proliferation of GNSS repeaters, commonly known as meaconers (electronic devices that intercept GNSS signals, amplify them, and subsequently rebroadcast them) contributes to this threat landscape, by compromising GNSS accuracy, availability, continuity, and integrity. Specifically, the performance of standardized aviation receivers might be degraded when exposed to meaconing interference, causing critical yet unknown safety issues. This study assesses the robustness against meaconing, by evaluating the behavior of the checks performed by a certified aviation receiver. Firstly, the precise mathematical models of the GNSS observables (code, phase, smoothed pseudoranges, and carrier-to-noise density ratio $C/{N}_{0}$ $C / N_{0}$ ) are derived under meaconing interference. Secondly, this study evaluates the robustness of the aviation consistency tests performed on the pseudoranges in the presence of meaconing. Thirdly, this paper classifies the meaconer impacts at the position level, to analyze in each situation the robustness brought by the fault detection test. Finally, the effects of meaconing on the accuracy, the availability, and the integrity of the estimated positions are presented for each situation. It is shown that a meaconer deteriorates the accuracy and availability, and marginally increases the probability of misleading position information. This comprehensive analysis contributes to better understand the risks associated with meaconing signals and paves the path to a global assessment of the meaconer impact during an approach phase of flight, integrating piloting considerations.