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<p>Aqueous extract from the peel of <i>Punica granatum</i> (<i>P. granatum</i>) was used to synthesis silver nanoparticles (Pg–AgNPs), and formulate the nanopowder by employing spray-drying process. Preliminary Pg–AgNPs production was validated by color transition from pale to deep brown as well as using an ultraviolet‒visible spectrophotometer. The optimized nanoparticle production was achieved at pH 8, Ag<sup>+</sup> 500&#xa0;mM, and 2&#xa0;mL of aqueous <i>P. granatum</i> peel extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to validate the physical shape of the spray-dried nanopowder, revealing a spherical, ball-like structure with a uniform size of 1&#xa0;µm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) exposed that the Pg–AgNPs were spherical and oval in form with sizes between 10 and 50&#xa0;nm, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the existence of elemental silver. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline phase of the Pg–AgNPs, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis implied the occurrence of bimolecular molecules that reduced Ag<sup>+</sup> and capped the Pg–AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic pathogens including bacteria <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and the fungal strain <i>Candida albicans</i> exhibits potential activity. The DPPH assay indicated that the highest antioxidant activity (72%) occurred at 500&#xa0;µg/mL Pg–AgNPs. A cytotoxicity study of <i>P. granatum</i> peel extract and Pg–AgNPs revealed an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 120 ± 1.42 and 82 ± 0.94&#xa0;µg/mL, respectively. These findings confirm that the synthesized Pg–AgNPs have multiple characteristics and can be used for several applications.</p>

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Aqueous Punica granatum peel extract derived spray-dried silver nanoparticles with multifaceted bioactivity and its dental applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月5日

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  • Palanivel Velmurugan,
  • Moorthy Muruganandham,
  • Kanagasabapathy Sivasubramanian,
  • Ramalingam Karthik Raja,
  • Fatimah Oleyan Al-Otibi,
  • Mohammad Mansoob Khan,
  • Nagaraj Basavegowda

摘要

Aqueous extract from the peel of Punica granatum (P. granatum) was used to synthesis silver nanoparticles (Pg–AgNPs), and formulate the nanopowder by employing spray-drying process. Preliminary Pg–AgNPs production was validated by color transition from pale to deep brown as well as using an ultraviolet‒visible spectrophotometer. The optimized nanoparticle production was achieved at pH 8, Ag+ 500 mM, and 2 mL of aqueous P. granatum peel extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to validate the physical shape of the spray-dried nanopowder, revealing a spherical, ball-like structure with a uniform size of 1 µm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) exposed that the Pg–AgNPs were spherical and oval in form with sizes between 10 and 50 nm, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the existence of elemental silver. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline phase of the Pg–AgNPs, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis implied the occurrence of bimolecular molecules that reduced Ag+ and capped the Pg–AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic pathogens including bacteria Streptococcus mutans and the fungal strain Candida albicans exhibits potential activity. The DPPH assay indicated that the highest antioxidant activity (72%) occurred at 500 µg/mL Pg–AgNPs. A cytotoxicity study of P. granatum peel extract and Pg–AgNPs revealed an IC50 value of 120 ± 1.42 and 82 ± 0.94 µg/mL, respectively. These findings confirm that the synthesized Pg–AgNPs have multiple characteristics and can be used for several applications.