A model of mechanical loading of the lungs including gravity and a balancing heterogeneous pleural pressure

Recent years have seen the development of multiple in silico lung models, notably with the aim of improving patient care for pulmonary diseases. These models vary in complexity and typically only consider the implementation of pleural pressure, a depression that keeps the lungs inflated. Gravity, often considered negligible compared to pleural pressure, has been largely overlooked, also due to the complexity of formulating physiological boundary conditions to counterbalance it. However, gravity is known to affect pulmonary functions, such as ventilation. In this study, we incorporated gravity into a recent lung poromechanical model. To do so, in addition to the gravitational body force, we proposed novel boundary conditions consisting in a heterogeneous pleural pressure field constrained to counterbalance gravity to reach global equilibrium of applied forces. We assessed the impact of gravity on the global and local behavior of the model, including the pressure–volume response and porosity field. Our findings reveal that gravity, despite being small, influences lung response. Specifically, the inclusion of gravity in our model led to the emergence of heterogeneities in deformation and stress distribution, compatible with in vivo imaging data. This could provide valuable insights for predicting the progression of certain pulmonary diseases by correlating areas subjected to higher deformation and stresses with disease evolution patterns.