The mechanical quality of trabecular bone is influenced by its mineral content and spatial distribution, which is controlled by bone remodelling and mineralisation. Mineralisation kinetics occur in two phases: a fast primary mineralisation and a secondary mineralisation that can last from several months to years. Variations in bone turnover and mineralisation kinetics can be observed in the bone mineral density distribution (BMDD). Here, we propose a statistical spatio-temporal bone remodelling model to study the effects of bone turnover (associated with the activation frequency \(\mathrm {Ac.f}\) ) and mineralisation kinetics (associated with secondary mineralisation \(T_\textrm{sec}\) ) on BMDD. In this model, individual basic multicellular units (BMUs) are activated discretely on trabecular surfaces that undergo typical bone remodelling periods. Our results highlight that trabecular BMDD is strongly regulated by \(\mathrm {Ac.f}\) and \(T_\textrm{sec}\) in a coupled way. Ca wt% increases with lower \(\mathrm {Ac.f}\) and short \(T_\textrm{sec}\) . For example, a \(\mathrm {Ac.f}=\) 4 BMU/year/mm \(^3\) and \(T_\textrm{sec}\) = 8 years result in a mean Ca wt% of 25, which is in accordance with Ca wt% values reported in quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) experiments. However, for lower \(\mathrm {Ac.f}\) and shorter \(T_\textrm{sec}\) (from 0.5 to 4 years) one obtains a high Ca wt% and a very narrow skew BMDD to the right. This close link between \(\mathrm {Ac.f}\) and \(T_\textrm{sec}\) highlights the importance of considering both characteristics to draw meaningful conclusion about bone quality. Overall, this model represents a new approach to modelling healthy and diseased bone and can aid in developing deeper insights into disease states like osteoporosis.
