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<p>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of hydrographic structure and turbulent mixing in the Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea, and Sangihe-Talaud waters based on 79 CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) casts collected during 2015. By examining temperature–salinity characteristics and estimating turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (<i>ε</i>) and vertical eddy diffusivity (<i>K</i><sub><i>ρ</i></sub>), we investigate the spatial transformation of Pacific-origin water masses transiting through the Indonesian Throughflow and South China Sea Throughflow pathways. The thermocline and intermediate layers are dominated by North Pacific Subtropical Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water, with distinct modifications along the ITF (Indonesian Throughflow) route. Turbulent mixing is found to be regionally and vertically variable, with <i>ε</i> ranging from an order of 10<sup>− 10</sup> to 10<sup>− 7</sup> W/kg and <i>K</i><sub><i>ρ</i></sub> from an order of 10<sup>− 6</sup> to 10<sup>− 4</sup> m²/s. Notably, elevated mixing is observed not only in near-field regions over rough topography but also in far-field interior basins, likely driven by internal tides, internal solitary wave breaking, and mesoscale eddies. These processes promote water mass transformation and vertical redistribution of thermohaline properties, with implications for Indonesian Throughflow structure and downstream ventilation. Our findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating spatially resolved turbulence observations to improve understanding of regional ocean circulation, energy dissipation, and water mass evolution within the Maritime Continent.</p>

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Hydrographic structure and turbulent mixing in the Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea and Sangihe-Talaud Waters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Muh Firdaus,
  • Agus Saleh Atmadipoera,
  • Adi Purwandana,
  • Asep Priatna,
  • Asep Ma’mun,
  • Muhammad Taufik

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of hydrographic structure and turbulent mixing in the Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea, and Sangihe-Talaud waters based on 79 CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) casts collected during 2015. By examining temperature–salinity characteristics and estimating turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (ε) and vertical eddy diffusivity (Kρ), we investigate the spatial transformation of Pacific-origin water masses transiting through the Indonesian Throughflow and South China Sea Throughflow pathways. The thermocline and intermediate layers are dominated by North Pacific Subtropical Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water, with distinct modifications along the ITF (Indonesian Throughflow) route. Turbulent mixing is found to be regionally and vertically variable, with ε ranging from an order of 10− 10 to 10− 7 W/kg and Kρ from an order of 10− 6 to 10− 4 m²/s. Notably, elevated mixing is observed not only in near-field regions over rough topography but also in far-field interior basins, likely driven by internal tides, internal solitary wave breaking, and mesoscale eddies. These processes promote water mass transformation and vertical redistribution of thermohaline properties, with implications for Indonesian Throughflow structure and downstream ventilation. Our findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating spatially resolved turbulence observations to improve understanding of regional ocean circulation, energy dissipation, and water mass evolution within the Maritime Continent.