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<p>Coastal regions across the globe are increasingly threatened by erosion and inundation as rising sea levels and shifting wave climates intensify these hazards. Within this global context, the state of Kerala on the southwestern coast of India stands out as particularly vulnerable due to its high population density and extensive coastal exposure. The present study analyses the wave climate variability over the recent 15-year period (2007–2021) across 19 coastal sites in Kerala that are recognized as hotspots for erosion and inundation. Using the WAVEWATCH III model output, annual and monthly trends in the mean and near-extreme (90th percentile) significant wave height (SWH), swell wave height (SHTS) and wind sea wave height (SHWW) were analysed. The model data is validated with available buoy data at six locations (both east and west coast) along the Indian coastline. Results reveal a coherent intensification of wave conditions, with most locations exhibiting statistically significant positive trends. Musodi beach in Kasargod, the northernmost site, exhibited the highest trend in annual mean SWH, with an increase of 0.863&#xa0;cm/year. Monthly trend analysis revealed a significant positive trend in the SWH, SHTS and SHWW during May and August months especially in the northern locations. Spatial trend analysis of SWH, SHTS, and SHWW highlighted a significant upward trend in the Southern Ocean during May and August, establishing the strong teleconnection. The combined rise in SWH, SHTS, and SHWW underscores an ongoing intensification of nearshore wave energy, with important implications for shoreline change, sediment dynamics, and hazard risk. These findings underscore the need for advanced coastal management strategies, integrating long-term wave climate monitoring and mitigation measures to reduce coastal hazards along the coast of Kerala.</p>

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Wave climate variability along the selected erosional hotspots of Kerala

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Prince Arayakandy,
  • P G Remya,
  • Meenakshi Sreejith,
  • Phiros Shah,
  • Ratheesh Ramakrishnan,
  • B Praveen Kumar,
  • Alfred Johny,
  • T M Balakrishnan Nair

摘要

Coastal regions across the globe are increasingly threatened by erosion and inundation as rising sea levels and shifting wave climates intensify these hazards. Within this global context, the state of Kerala on the southwestern coast of India stands out as particularly vulnerable due to its high population density and extensive coastal exposure. The present study analyses the wave climate variability over the recent 15-year period (2007–2021) across 19 coastal sites in Kerala that are recognized as hotspots for erosion and inundation. Using the WAVEWATCH III model output, annual and monthly trends in the mean and near-extreme (90th percentile) significant wave height (SWH), swell wave height (SHTS) and wind sea wave height (SHWW) were analysed. The model data is validated with available buoy data at six locations (both east and west coast) along the Indian coastline. Results reveal a coherent intensification of wave conditions, with most locations exhibiting statistically significant positive trends. Musodi beach in Kasargod, the northernmost site, exhibited the highest trend in annual mean SWH, with an increase of 0.863 cm/year. Monthly trend analysis revealed a significant positive trend in the SWH, SHTS and SHWW during May and August months especially in the northern locations. Spatial trend analysis of SWH, SHTS, and SHWW highlighted a significant upward trend in the Southern Ocean during May and August, establishing the strong teleconnection. The combined rise in SWH, SHTS, and SHWW underscores an ongoing intensification of nearshore wave energy, with important implications for shoreline change, sediment dynamics, and hazard risk. These findings underscore the need for advanced coastal management strategies, integrating long-term wave climate monitoring and mitigation measures to reduce coastal hazards along the coast of Kerala.