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<p>This study examines the swells generated by Tropical Cyclone (TC) Freddy, an exceptionally long-lived cyclone that traversed the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) westward during February 2023. The intensification and prolonged duration of severe TCs are anticipated to increase, making them a greater threat under future climate conditions. While swells are not the most intense sea conditions, these low frequency swells lead to coastal hazards such as erosion and flooding, hence understanding the TC trends and the effect along the coastlines is crucial. The modelling experiments are carried out using WAVEWATCH III (WW3). The analysis quantified TC 2023 Freddy–generated swell energy and revealed their ability to propagate across the basin, reaching the coasts of India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Lakshadweep, the Gulf region, and eastern Africa. Spectral evolution demonstrated how cyclone-forced wind seas transformed into dominant long-period swells, with nonlinear interactions amplifying low-frequency energy during cyclones peak intensity. Wave power density analysis further indicated that southern India and nearby island regions experienced the strongest swell impacts, with values reaching 0.5–2&#xa0;kW/m. These findings highlight the far-reaching influence of long-lived cyclones on distant coasts and provide critical insights for anticipating coastal vulnerability and developing effective protection strategies under future climate scenarios.</p>

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Propagation patterns of swells generated by tropical cyclone Freddy and its coastal impacts along the Indian ocean rim

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Roshyal Joy,
  • Remya P G,
  • B. Praveen Kumar,
  • R. S. Mahendra,
  • T. M. Balakrishnan Nair

摘要

This study examines the swells generated by Tropical Cyclone (TC) Freddy, an exceptionally long-lived cyclone that traversed the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) westward during February 2023. The intensification and prolonged duration of severe TCs are anticipated to increase, making them a greater threat under future climate conditions. While swells are not the most intense sea conditions, these low frequency swells lead to coastal hazards such as erosion and flooding, hence understanding the TC trends and the effect along the coastlines is crucial. The modelling experiments are carried out using WAVEWATCH III (WW3). The analysis quantified TC 2023 Freddy–generated swell energy and revealed their ability to propagate across the basin, reaching the coasts of India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Lakshadweep, the Gulf region, and eastern Africa. Spectral evolution demonstrated how cyclone-forced wind seas transformed into dominant long-period swells, with nonlinear interactions amplifying low-frequency energy during cyclones peak intensity. Wave power density analysis further indicated that southern India and nearby island regions experienced the strongest swell impacts, with values reaching 0.5–2 kW/m. These findings highlight the far-reaching influence of long-lived cyclones on distant coasts and provide critical insights for anticipating coastal vulnerability and developing effective protection strategies under future climate scenarios.