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<p>Tropical cyclones generate strong near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) within the ocean mixed layer through spatiotemporally variable winds. This study employs the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) forced by an idealized tropical cyclone to investigate vertical structures of NIOs. Asymmetric mixed layer deepening after the tropical cyclone passage is revealed, indicating spatially heterogeneous thermodynamic responses. Near-inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) is consistently stronger on the right side with deeper penetration. Vertical distributions of NIOs within the ocean mixed layer exhibit four distinct patterns, featuring a monotonic increase or decrease from the surface downward, a minimum or a maximum occurring inside the mixed layer. Dynamically, the pressure gradient force (PGF) dominates the vertical variability of NIOs. The perturbation PGF generated by the salinity primarily modulates the evolution of the total PGF across most regions, except at the maximum wind radius on the left side of the tropical cyclone trajectory where thermal perturbations prevail. Near-inertial internal waves propagating upward from thermocline enhance NIKE especially near the base of mixed layer. This energy input causes the growing of NIOs with depth and generates the vertical local extrema through superposition with NIOs. The intensified vertical shear at the mixed layer base propagates downward, penetrating to the depth of 150&#xa0;m. These findings elucidate how tropical-cyclone-forced thermohaline and dynamic responses modulate the vertical distribution of NIOs.</p>

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The vertical distribution of near-inertial oscillations generated by the tropical cyclone in the ocean mixed layer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Yu Zhang,
  • Jintao Gu,
  • Shengli Chen

摘要

Tropical cyclones generate strong near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) within the ocean mixed layer through spatiotemporally variable winds. This study employs the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) forced by an idealized tropical cyclone to investigate vertical structures of NIOs. Asymmetric mixed layer deepening after the tropical cyclone passage is revealed, indicating spatially heterogeneous thermodynamic responses. Near-inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) is consistently stronger on the right side with deeper penetration. Vertical distributions of NIOs within the ocean mixed layer exhibit four distinct patterns, featuring a monotonic increase or decrease from the surface downward, a minimum or a maximum occurring inside the mixed layer. Dynamically, the pressure gradient force (PGF) dominates the vertical variability of NIOs. The perturbation PGF generated by the salinity primarily modulates the evolution of the total PGF across most regions, except at the maximum wind radius on the left side of the tropical cyclone trajectory where thermal perturbations prevail. Near-inertial internal waves propagating upward from thermocline enhance NIKE especially near the base of mixed layer. This energy input causes the growing of NIOs with depth and generates the vertical local extrema through superposition with NIOs. The intensified vertical shear at the mixed layer base propagates downward, penetrating to the depth of 150 m. These findings elucidate how tropical-cyclone-forced thermohaline and dynamic responses modulate the vertical distribution of NIOs.