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<p>The TianMu-1(TM-1) constellation is China’s first commercial low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite system dedicated to meteorological observations, with 23 operational satellites, enabling a high temporal and spatial sampling rate. It is capable of receiving reflection signals from GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS. TM-1 has developed two Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) wind products: a global sea surface wind speed product optimized for low-to-medium wind speeds and a cyclone wind product for high wind speeds. These products can have a positive impact on predicting extreme weather conditions. This study systematically evaluates the accuracy and quality of the TM-1 sea surface wind speed product. Specifically, data for a total of three months from October 1 to December 30, 2023, were used to analyze the TM-1 Level 2 (L2) global sea surface wind speed product, which is designed for wind speeds below 25&#xa0;m/s. Additionally, the cyclone wind product is assessed based on its performance during Super Typhoon “Bolaven.” The evaluation uses two datasets: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data and in-situ observational data from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy array provided by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States. The results suggest that the GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS systems provide comparable accuracy and performance in wind speed retrieval, with Galileo showing relatively superior results. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the total wind speed is 2.083&#xa0;m/s when compared with ECMWF data, and 1.903&#xa0;m/s when compared with TAO buoy data. The analysis further examines the impact of temporal variability, GNSS constellations, signal to noise ratio (SNR), wind speed categories, and geographical distribution on product performance. Overall, the TM-1 global wind product demonstrates strong temporal and spatial consistency, meeting operational accuracy standards and showing promise for meteorological applications.</p>

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Evaluation of the high temporal resolution global ocean surface wind speed product derived from the TianMu-1 (TM-1) GNSS-R constellation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Xinzhe Xu,
  • Xiufeng He,
  • Minfeng Song,
  • Jinsheng Tu,
  • Hao Yang,
  • Wei Zhan

摘要

The TianMu-1(TM-1) constellation is China’s first commercial low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite system dedicated to meteorological observations, with 23 operational satellites, enabling a high temporal and spatial sampling rate. It is capable of receiving reflection signals from GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS. TM-1 has developed two Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) wind products: a global sea surface wind speed product optimized for low-to-medium wind speeds and a cyclone wind product for high wind speeds. These products can have a positive impact on predicting extreme weather conditions. This study systematically evaluates the accuracy and quality of the TM-1 sea surface wind speed product. Specifically, data for a total of three months from October 1 to December 30, 2023, were used to analyze the TM-1 Level 2 (L2) global sea surface wind speed product, which is designed for wind speeds below 25 m/s. Additionally, the cyclone wind product is assessed based on its performance during Super Typhoon “Bolaven.” The evaluation uses two datasets: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data and in-situ observational data from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy array provided by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States. The results suggest that the GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS systems provide comparable accuracy and performance in wind speed retrieval, with Galileo showing relatively superior results. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the total wind speed is 2.083 m/s when compared with ECMWF data, and 1.903 m/s when compared with TAO buoy data. The analysis further examines the impact of temporal variability, GNSS constellations, signal to noise ratio (SNR), wind speed categories, and geographical distribution on product performance. Overall, the TM-1 global wind product demonstrates strong temporal and spatial consistency, meeting operational accuracy standards and showing promise for meteorological applications.