Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mining in South Africa: Remediation, Reuse, and Resource Recovery

This review critically examines the effects of AMD from the gold mines of South Africa and available options. We also critically analyse case studies, research gaps, and the challenges and opportunities presented by the AMD. Our assessment indicates the availability of potential technological advancements that might flip the paradigm in favour of less sludge being produced, lower operational costs, and more effective AMD treatment strategies. This has led to the development of long-term plans for AMD treatment technologies and the recovery of important minerals. There is currently a demand for integrated AMD technologies that take a holistic approach to long-term AMD treatment. Reusing water and recovering valuable resources like sulphuric acid, rare earth elements, and other metals have received a lot of attention. Continued study and implementation of such strategies will support sustainable gold mining, address the environmental damage caused by AMD, and optimize resource and revenue-generating potentials.