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<p>Over the last few years, the number of cyberattacks has increased drastically, becoming more resistant to detection systems introduced by researchers. Traditional centralized approaches have been replaced by distributed methods such as Federated Machine Learning to enhance efficiency. The latter enables the creation of a central model by training multiple clients locally and aggregating only the model’s weights rather than sharing raw data. This approach enhances computational efficiency and significantly improves privacy, as sensitive data remains on the client’s devices. This research paper proposes a method for detecting malware in the Android environment leveraging Federated Machine Learning. In detail, we employed two datasets: one of almost 20,000 malicious and trustworthy Android packages and the second of nearly 7,250 applications which were converted into grayscale images by representing their smali code as pixel intensities, enabling Convolutional Neural Networks to process them effectively. After concluding the dataset composition, we trained several models using two Convolutional Neural Networks, such as InceptionV3 and a custom version of MobileNet. After identifying the best-performing model on the binary dataset, we applied the same hyperparameters to train, validate, and test a second dataset composed of four distinct classes. Additionally, we compared the performance of the federated approach with that of centralized training using the same model architectures. At the end of this process, we identified the best-trained model on the binary dataset and applied the two class activation map algorithms to perform explainability using the model. Moreover, as the last step, we also applied the Structural Similarity Index Measure to quantify the consistency and reliability of the generated heatmaps.</p>

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An explainable privacy-preserving method for mobile malware detection through federated machine learning

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Giovanni Ciaramella,
  • Fabio Martinelli,
  • Antonella Santone,
  • Francesco Mercaldo

摘要

Over the last few years, the number of cyberattacks has increased drastically, becoming more resistant to detection systems introduced by researchers. Traditional centralized approaches have been replaced by distributed methods such as Federated Machine Learning to enhance efficiency. The latter enables the creation of a central model by training multiple clients locally and aggregating only the model’s weights rather than sharing raw data. This approach enhances computational efficiency and significantly improves privacy, as sensitive data remains on the client’s devices. This research paper proposes a method for detecting malware in the Android environment leveraging Federated Machine Learning. In detail, we employed two datasets: one of almost 20,000 malicious and trustworthy Android packages and the second of nearly 7,250 applications which were converted into grayscale images by representing their smali code as pixel intensities, enabling Convolutional Neural Networks to process them effectively. After concluding the dataset composition, we trained several models using two Convolutional Neural Networks, such as InceptionV3 and a custom version of MobileNet. After identifying the best-performing model on the binary dataset, we applied the same hyperparameters to train, validate, and test a second dataset composed of four distinct classes. Additionally, we compared the performance of the federated approach with that of centralized training using the same model architectures. At the end of this process, we identified the best-trained model on the binary dataset and applied the two class activation map algorithms to perform explainability using the model. Moreover, as the last step, we also applied the Structural Similarity Index Measure to quantify the consistency and reliability of the generated heatmaps.