Multiple vs. single predator effects: differing experimental responses by the spotted fringe-fingered lizard (Acanthodactylus maculatus) facing aerial and terrestrial predators

To survive, prey should assess the level of predation threat and adjust their anti-predator strategy accordingly. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the escape behavior of spotted fringe-fingered lizards (Acanthodactylus maculatus) approached by a person (i.e. terrestrial predator), with or without a raptor model (i.e. aerial predator), and recording data on escape agility, display movements and refuge use. We predicted that lizards subjected solely to the terrestrial predator would be more agile, thereby signaling low chances of attack success, whereas lizards exposed to both predators would opt for immobility to be less detectable. Our expectations were supported for males, but not females. Males exposed simultaneously to an aerial and a terrestrial predator tolerated a closer approach of the terrestrial predator and frequently sought to hide in refuges, while males only exposed to a terrestrial predator showed a more agile response, by running away early and fast, conducting frequent display movements and remaining detectable outside refuges. Females tended to rely on the immobility strategy more than males most likely because they were slower. In sum, our results highlight the flexibility of lizard anti-predatory behaviors. Lizards adjusted their escape strategy to the type of predator and intensity of the threat encountered.