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<p>The <i>ready-made garment</i> (RMG) industry in Bangladesh is a major economic driver, contributing over 80% of the country’s total exports and employing over 4&#xa0;million people. However, the environmental impact of sludge disposal from RMG industries is a significant challenge. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of various sludge disposal options using life cycle assessment (LCA). Data were collected from RMG industries and analyzed using SimaPro software with the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint and endpoint methods. Results show that sanitary landfilling has the highest global warming impact (1010.4&#xa0;kg CO₂ eq) and freshwater eutrophication (8.27&#xa0;kg P eq), while thermal drying incineration has the highest acidification (1,770.90&#xa0;kg SO₂ eq) and fossil-resources scarcity (124.26&#xa0;kg oil eq) impacts. In contrast, co-incineration, anaerobic digestion, and cement production demonstrate environmental benefits. Sensitivity analysis reveals that electricity consumption (± 15%) significantly affects global warming and acidification in thermal incineration, while transport distance variations (± 50%) substantially alter environmental performance, particularly for anaerobic digestion and composting, where reduced distance shifts net burdens to benefits. Contribution analysis shows that sludge is the primary contributor to environmental impacts. The study recommends controlled landfilling, incineration, and recycling (bricks/cement production) as preferred disposal options to inform sustainable policy decisions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Life cycle assessment of ready-made garments industrial sludge disposal, treatment and recycling in Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Ohidul Alam,
  • Syed Jawad Hossen,
  • Xiaojun Zheng,
  • Suyun Liu,
  • Nasrin Sultana,
  • Daolin Du

摘要

The ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh is a major economic driver, contributing over 80% of the country’s total exports and employing over 4 million people. However, the environmental impact of sludge disposal from RMG industries is a significant challenge. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of various sludge disposal options using life cycle assessment (LCA). Data were collected from RMG industries and analyzed using SimaPro software with the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint and endpoint methods. Results show that sanitary landfilling has the highest global warming impact (1010.4 kg CO₂ eq) and freshwater eutrophication (8.27 kg P eq), while thermal drying incineration has the highest acidification (1,770.90 kg SO₂ eq) and fossil-resources scarcity (124.26 kg oil eq) impacts. In contrast, co-incineration, anaerobic digestion, and cement production demonstrate environmental benefits. Sensitivity analysis reveals that electricity consumption (± 15%) significantly affects global warming and acidification in thermal incineration, while transport distance variations (± 50%) substantially alter environmental performance, particularly for anaerobic digestion and composting, where reduced distance shifts net burdens to benefits. Contribution analysis shows that sludge is the primary contributor to environmental impacts. The study recommends controlled landfilling, incineration, and recycling (bricks/cement production) as preferred disposal options to inform sustainable policy decisions.

Graphical Abstract