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<p>Composting is a waste management technique through the decomposition of organic matter into a useful product. This study evaluated the combined effects of pile composition and turning mechanism on composting dynamics using agricultural residues, livestock manure, phosphate‑solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and sugarcane mud cake. Three pile formulations (T1, T2, T3) were tested under manual and PTO‑driven mechanical turner at the Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan. Parameters, including temperature, C/N ratio, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), were monitored to evaluate the compost quality. Mechanical turning achieved thermophilic conditions (&gt; 55&#xa0;°C) more rapidly, shortened the composting period by half (7 vs. 14 weeks), and enhanced nutrient retention. Treatment T3 (straw + manure + PSB + mud cake) produced the most stable and nutrient‑rich compost (C/<i>N</i> &lt; 20, OM reduction approx. 45%, <i>N</i> &gt; 2200&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹, <i>P</i> ~ 14&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹, K ~ 700&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹) in 7 weeks. These findings demonstrate that optimizing feedstock recipes and applying mechanized aeration can generate mature, enriched compost in reduced timeframes <i>under local conditions</i> The results support mechanized windrow composting as a practical strategy for sustainable agricultural waste management and nutrient recovery.</p>

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Composting dynamics under different compost pile recipes and turning mechanisms: a comparative study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Aftab Khaliq,
  • Sarfraz Hashim,
  • Zeeshan Ali

摘要

Composting is a waste management technique through the decomposition of organic matter into a useful product. This study evaluated the combined effects of pile composition and turning mechanism on composting dynamics using agricultural residues, livestock manure, phosphate‑solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and sugarcane mud cake. Three pile formulations (T1, T2, T3) were tested under manual and PTO‑driven mechanical turner at the Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan. Parameters, including temperature, C/N ratio, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), were monitored to evaluate the compost quality. Mechanical turning achieved thermophilic conditions (> 55 °C) more rapidly, shortened the composting period by half (7 vs. 14 weeks), and enhanced nutrient retention. Treatment T3 (straw + manure + PSB + mud cake) produced the most stable and nutrient‑rich compost (C/N < 20, OM reduction approx. 45%, N > 2200 mg kg⁻¹, P ~ 14 mg kg⁻¹, K ~ 700 mg kg⁻¹) in 7 weeks. These findings demonstrate that optimizing feedstock recipes and applying mechanized aeration can generate mature, enriched compost in reduced timeframes under local conditions The results support mechanized windrow composting as a practical strategy for sustainable agricultural waste management and nutrient recovery.