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<p>The study investigates the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of alkali-activated material (AAM) mortars containing wood bottom ash (WBA). WBA substituted for 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% by mass of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and class-F fly ash (FA) blend with varied GGBFS/FA proportions. Slump flow, unit weight, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and electrical surface resistivity (ESR) were performed to evaluate the fresh and mechanical properties of the mortar samples. The microstructure of the hardened binders was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that replacing 15–30% of WBA improved the mechanical properties and microstructure of alkali-activated mortars modified by WBA (AAWM) compared to the mixtures without WBA. The effect of WBA contents varied with the GGBFS/FA ratio, indicating apparent interactions among the precursors. When the GGBFS/FA ratio was 30/70 or 50/50, incorporating 15% WBA improved compressive strength, while increased WBA levels showed limited additional benefit. At a 70/30 ratio, substituting both 15% and 30% WBA further increased strength. These results indicate that WBA can effectively interact with GGBFS-rich systems to promote matrix densification and strength development under low-alkaline activation, thereby optimizing binder composition in low-alkaline AAWMs.</p>

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Investigation of the mechanical characteristics of alkali-activated mortars: the influences of wood bottom ash and slag/fly ash ratio

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Khanh-Dung Tran Thi,
  • Min-Chih Liao,
  • Duy-Hai Vo,
  • Januarti Jaya Ekaputri

摘要

The study investigates the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of alkali-activated material (AAM) mortars containing wood bottom ash (WBA). WBA substituted for 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% by mass of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and class-F fly ash (FA) blend with varied GGBFS/FA proportions. Slump flow, unit weight, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and electrical surface resistivity (ESR) were performed to evaluate the fresh and mechanical properties of the mortar samples. The microstructure of the hardened binders was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that replacing 15–30% of WBA improved the mechanical properties and microstructure of alkali-activated mortars modified by WBA (AAWM) compared to the mixtures without WBA. The effect of WBA contents varied with the GGBFS/FA ratio, indicating apparent interactions among the precursors. When the GGBFS/FA ratio was 30/70 or 50/50, incorporating 15% WBA improved compressive strength, while increased WBA levels showed limited additional benefit. At a 70/30 ratio, substituting both 15% and 30% WBA further increased strength. These results indicate that WBA can effectively interact with GGBFS-rich systems to promote matrix densification and strength development under low-alkaline activation, thereby optimizing binder composition in low-alkaline AAWMs.