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<p>The increasing scarcity of natural aggregates (NA) for construction has made it difficult to meet future infrastructure needs. Furthermore, it is well known that the cement industry significantly contributes to carbon emissions, delaying the path toward net-zero carbon. As a solution to address these issues, this study uses three industrial byproducts to design geopolymer concrete (GPC) and compares its performance against GPC with NA. This study replaced a coarse fraction of NA with Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, and produced GPC using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and red mud (RM). Three ratios of GGBFS: RM (100:0, 70:30, and 50:50) was used as a binding agent along with an alkali-activator for each aggregate. Different geometries of concrete specimens were fabricated to investigate the mechanical, durability, and leaching characteristics. The mechanical properties of GPC with LD slag were superior compared to GPC with NA. However, replacing RM in GPC reduces the strength attributed to reduced geopolymerization. The water penetration and absorption in GPC mixtures yielded contradictory results, with an increase in RM content leading to a decrease in water penetration and an increase in water absorption. Further, increasing RM content increased the drying shrinkage, indicating a tendency to crack. The leaching study revealed that LD slag concrete mixtures exhibited higher levels of iron leachate, particularly when the RM content was higher compared to GPC and NA. LCA using cradle-to-gate approach was used to conceptualize cost-energy-strength (CES) ratio. CES ratio indicated that LDCAC mixtures outperformed NACAC mixtures from sustainability point of view.</p>

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Techno-environmental study on binary blended LD slag geopolymer concrete: pathways from waste to wealth

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Suresh Challa,
  • Rohit Rawat,
  • Dinakar Pasla,
  • Anush K. Chandrappa

摘要

The increasing scarcity of natural aggregates (NA) for construction has made it difficult to meet future infrastructure needs. Furthermore, it is well known that the cement industry significantly contributes to carbon emissions, delaying the path toward net-zero carbon. As a solution to address these issues, this study uses three industrial byproducts to design geopolymer concrete (GPC) and compares its performance against GPC with NA. This study replaced a coarse fraction of NA with Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, and produced GPC using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and red mud (RM). Three ratios of GGBFS: RM (100:0, 70:30, and 50:50) was used as a binding agent along with an alkali-activator for each aggregate. Different geometries of concrete specimens were fabricated to investigate the mechanical, durability, and leaching characteristics. The mechanical properties of GPC with LD slag were superior compared to GPC with NA. However, replacing RM in GPC reduces the strength attributed to reduced geopolymerization. The water penetration and absorption in GPC mixtures yielded contradictory results, with an increase in RM content leading to a decrease in water penetration and an increase in water absorption. Further, increasing RM content increased the drying shrinkage, indicating a tendency to crack. The leaching study revealed that LD slag concrete mixtures exhibited higher levels of iron leachate, particularly when the RM content was higher compared to GPC and NA. LCA using cradle-to-gate approach was used to conceptualize cost-energy-strength (CES) ratio. CES ratio indicated that LDCAC mixtures outperformed NACAC mixtures from sustainability point of view.