Developing sustainable cosmetic products from date waste biomass
摘要
This study evaluates the feasibility of producing functional cosmetic ingredients entirely from date seed waste by extracting, characterizing, and formulating date seed oil using three extraction techniques: Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and Dean–Stark extraction, yielding 8.48%, 6.99%, and 7.55% oil, respectively, with Soxhlet extraction providing the highest recovery. Fatty acid analysis showed lauric acid as the dominant component (28.65%), followed by myristic (17.71%) and palmitic (17.83%) acids, imparting high oxidative stability, emulsion stability, and cleansing functionality relevant to cosmetic applications. Rheological characterization of both date seed oil and a lotion formulated exclusively from date seed-derived oil, surfactant, and glycerin demonstrated pronounced shear-thinning behavior over a shear-rate and reduced viscosity at elevated temperature (50 °C), consistent with desirable cosmetic flow properties. Stability testing showed minimal viscosity variation after 24 h of incubation at 25 °C, confirming short-term formulation stability. The results highlight the potential of date seed waste as a sustainable, high-value alternative to conventional cosmetic ingredients and support waste valorization while reducing reliance on synthetic raw materials.