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<p>Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWI FA) is a hazardous by-product containing toxic heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), posing serious environmental and public health risks. This review critically examines its chemical and toxicological properties, human exposure pathways, and the evolving global regulatory landscape, with particular attention to regional disparities between developed and developing nations. Conventional treatment methods such as stabilization/solidification and thermal processing reduce toxicity but are often limited by high energy demands, costs, and inconsistent long-term performance. Emerging technologies, such as nanomaterials for heavy metal immobilization, hybrid geopolymerization systems, and AI-assisted risk modeling, offer promising alternatives but face technical and scalability challenges. The reuse of treated MSWI FA in construction materials is evaluated as a viable pathway to support circular economy goals, reduce carbon emissions, and alleviate landfill pressure. However, gaps remain in long-term field validation, standardization of performance metrics, and dose-response data for health risk assessments. Addressing these challenges through multidisciplinary research, strengthened governance, and context-specific implementation will be crucial in sustainable reuse of MSWI fly ash while safeguarding both human health and the environment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Managing health risks and advancing treatment technologies for sustainable use of MSWI fly ash in construction materials: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Wadefai Passing Joseph,
  • Wadjou Christian,
  • Jingyu Wu,
  • Antem Esther,
  • Samuel Daniel,
  • Lei Zheng

摘要

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWI FA) is a hazardous by-product containing toxic heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), posing serious environmental and public health risks. This review critically examines its chemical and toxicological properties, human exposure pathways, and the evolving global regulatory landscape, with particular attention to regional disparities between developed and developing nations. Conventional treatment methods such as stabilization/solidification and thermal processing reduce toxicity but are often limited by high energy demands, costs, and inconsistent long-term performance. Emerging technologies, such as nanomaterials for heavy metal immobilization, hybrid geopolymerization systems, and AI-assisted risk modeling, offer promising alternatives but face technical and scalability challenges. The reuse of treated MSWI FA in construction materials is evaluated as a viable pathway to support circular economy goals, reduce carbon emissions, and alleviate landfill pressure. However, gaps remain in long-term field validation, standardization of performance metrics, and dose-response data for health risk assessments. Addressing these challenges through multidisciplinary research, strengthened governance, and context-specific implementation will be crucial in sustainable reuse of MSWI fly ash while safeguarding both human health and the environment.

Graphical Abstract