<p>The rural ecological environment of China has gradually deteriorated. Thus, the current situation and potential influencing factors of domestic waste governance in rural areas must be clarified. This study designed a survey questionnaire and used SPSS to conduct descriptive statistical analysis, principal component analysis, regression analysis, and one-way analysis of variance on the obtained data. The results showed that the amount of domestic waste was relatively large and irregularly discharged. The main components of rural domestic waste were kitchen and recyclable waste. Furthermore, governance effectiveness of eastern region was better than that of the central and western regions. However, the different regions still faced many different challenges. The results also showed that the population age and education level, governance organization and management, and waste classification, transport management, and treatment sites significantly affected the willingness to participate of rural residents. Moreover, significant differences were observed between the central and eastern regions and between the central and western regions. Based on the above results, we have proposed corresponding policy suggestions for different regions. Together, or study findings and suggestions provide theoretical support and an important reference for the governance of rural domestic waste.</p>