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<p>Natural fiber textile fabrics can be finished with flame-retardant chemicals to meet safety standards. Calcium phosphate is an effective flame retardant for cotton, but its preparation needs to be scaled up using cheaper, eco-friendly raw materials. Chicken bone waste causes environmental pollution due to odor and visual impact. Repurposing chicken bones as a source of calcium phosphate offers a sustainable solution, reducing waste and enhancing fabric flame resistance. The extraction process involves digesting chicken bones with hydrochloric acid, precipitating calcium phosphate using ammonia, then filtering and drying the product. The extracted calcium phosphate was applied to cotton fabric through a coating process. Various finishing conditions—such as flame-retardant dosage, finishing liquor pH, ammonia concentration, curing temperature, and curing time—were evaluated using a Taguchi L9 experimental design to optimize the process. The flame-retardant performance was assessed by a vertical burning test, showing that treated fabrics had lower flammability than untreated ones. Treated fabrics developed char and ash after burning, while untreated fabrics burned completely with only ash residue. Burning times increased from 42&#xa0;s for untreated fabric to 64&#xa0;s for treated fabric, demonstrating the effectiveness of the calcium phosphate treatment in improving flame resistance. </p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Development of eco-friendly, flame-retardant cotton fabric via coating with calcium phosphate extracted from waste chicken bones

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Gurumurthy Ramaiah,
  • Robel Legese Meko,
  • Agibegn Abreham,
  • Tolera A. Negawo,
  • Senay Yacob Baraki,
  • Daniel Asfaw

摘要

Natural fiber textile fabrics can be finished with flame-retardant chemicals to meet safety standards. Calcium phosphate is an effective flame retardant for cotton, but its preparation needs to be scaled up using cheaper, eco-friendly raw materials. Chicken bone waste causes environmental pollution due to odor and visual impact. Repurposing chicken bones as a source of calcium phosphate offers a sustainable solution, reducing waste and enhancing fabric flame resistance. The extraction process involves digesting chicken bones with hydrochloric acid, precipitating calcium phosphate using ammonia, then filtering and drying the product. The extracted calcium phosphate was applied to cotton fabric through a coating process. Various finishing conditions—such as flame-retardant dosage, finishing liquor pH, ammonia concentration, curing temperature, and curing time—were evaluated using a Taguchi L9 experimental design to optimize the process. The flame-retardant performance was assessed by a vertical burning test, showing that treated fabrics had lower flammability than untreated ones. Treated fabrics developed char and ash after burning, while untreated fabrics burned completely with only ash residue. Burning times increased from 42 s for untreated fabric to 64 s for treated fabric, demonstrating the effectiveness of the calcium phosphate treatment in improving flame resistance.

Graphical abstract