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<p>Waste separation is a fundamental element of environmental governance, yet debates persist over optimal policy strategies. Drawing on the incentive-value-behavior chain, this study explains how and for whom reward-based versus punishment-based interventions sustain waste separation behavior (WSB). Based on field surveys in China, the results indicate that both rewards and punishments directly affect WSB. Internal perceived value plays a mediating role in the process of rewards and punishments in promoting residents’ WSB. External perceived value only plays a mediating role in the process of reward incentives in promoting residents’ WSB. That is, individuals with strong internal perceived value respond to both rewards and punishments, whereas for those with strong external perceived value, reward incentives are more effective.&#xa0;These findings offer valuable insights for governments seeking to select and design their incentive policies for waste separation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Stick or carrot, which works better on residents’ waste separation behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • Lei Qian,
  • Qian Liu,
  • Hongling Gong

摘要

Waste separation is a fundamental element of environmental governance, yet debates persist over optimal policy strategies. Drawing on the incentive-value-behavior chain, this study explains how and for whom reward-based versus punishment-based interventions sustain waste separation behavior (WSB). Based on field surveys in China, the results indicate that both rewards and punishments directly affect WSB. Internal perceived value plays a mediating role in the process of rewards and punishments in promoting residents’ WSB. External perceived value only plays a mediating role in the process of reward incentives in promoting residents’ WSB. That is, individuals with strong internal perceived value respond to both rewards and punishments, whereas for those with strong external perceived value, reward incentives are more effective. These findings offer valuable insights for governments seeking to select and design their incentive policies for waste separation.

Graphical abstract