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<p>Wastewater treatment plants worldwide generate significant amounts of sludge, necessitating effective and sustainable treatment solutions. Among available technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for biological sludge treatment. Although AD is a well-established process, ongoing innovations have significantly enhanced its efficiency and adaptability. This article reviews the historical development, the current implementation, and the future directions of AD of sewage sludge with a focus on Japan. Demonstrated and emerging technologies are discussed in terms of high-solid AD, solubilization and pre-treatment strategies, enhanced organic matter collection, co-digestion with regional biomass, reactor configuration and operation, biogas utilization and energy integration, small-scale plant adaptation, and aerobic composting. As AD increasingly integrates with renewable energy systems, challenges such as volatile fatty acid accumulation and hydrogen inhibition remain. Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has emerged as a promising global strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing electron transport and methanogenesis stability. The application of DIET in sludge AD can accelerate the development of more resilient and efficient systems tailored to future energy and environmental demands.</p>

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A review of sewage sludge digestion technologies in Japan: from technological evolution to global perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月27日

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  • Taira Hidaka,
  • Thu Huong Nguyen,
  • Taketo Togari,
  • Masanobu Takashima,
  • Hiroyuki Shigemura

摘要

Wastewater treatment plants worldwide generate significant amounts of sludge, necessitating effective and sustainable treatment solutions. Among available technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for biological sludge treatment. Although AD is a well-established process, ongoing innovations have significantly enhanced its efficiency and adaptability. This article reviews the historical development, the current implementation, and the future directions of AD of sewage sludge with a focus on Japan. Demonstrated and emerging technologies are discussed in terms of high-solid AD, solubilization and pre-treatment strategies, enhanced organic matter collection, co-digestion with regional biomass, reactor configuration and operation, biogas utilization and energy integration, small-scale plant adaptation, and aerobic composting. As AD increasingly integrates with renewable energy systems, challenges such as volatile fatty acid accumulation and hydrogen inhibition remain. Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has emerged as a promising global strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing electron transport and methanogenesis stability. The application of DIET in sludge AD can accelerate the development of more resilient and efficient systems tailored to future energy and environmental demands.