Refuse derived fuel produced in Brazil: physico-chemical analysis, standards and opportunities for energy recovery

In this paper, refuse derived fuels (RDF) produced on an industrial scale in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) were thoroughly characterized. Textiles, paper/cardboard and plastics represent the highest percentage of RDF composition, with the first two fractions being the main contributors to RDF biomass content, which ranges from 39 to 57 wt% on a dry basis (db). Moisture, volatile matter and ash contents range from 19.5 to 35.8, 65.4 to 79.6 and 14.4 to 29.1 wt% db respectively. Carbon content ranges from 43.2 to 53.5 wt% db. The chlorine content is low (0.2–0.8 wt% db) as well as the mercury content which is less than 0.38 μg/kg (db). The net calorific value ranges from 16.9 to 22.0 MJ/kg (db). RDF meet the classification requirements of European and Brazilian standards. Their characteristics demonstrate their potential as a fuel for various thermochemical processes. The use of RDF is therefore an opportunity for a more circular economy. The use of RDF as an alternative fuel in the cement industry brings both economic and environmental benefits. This study provides valuable information for decision-makers to better understand RDF and plan their use in Brazil.