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Background <p>Blood pressure (BP) displays a higher seasonal variation in winter than in summer. However, evidence of seasonal variations in salt intake is limited. No study has evaluated the same individuals over time using daily urine collection. Further, there are no reports that demonstrates the relationship between BP and salt intake by sex on a seasonal basis.</p> Methods <p>This study included 168 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (mean 62.1&#xa0;years, 93 males) over a 1-year period. We analyzed the seasonal variation between summer and winter in 147 patients with CKD for whom both summer and winter data were available. In addition, we evaluated 90 patients separately who were not taking medications that impact urinary sodium excretion.</p> Results <p>In 147 patients, body weight, body mass index (BMI), BP, choline esterase (ChE), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and salt intake were higher in winter in males, whereas only BP, albumin, ChE and LDL cholesterol were higher in winter in females. In the multiple regression analyses, systolic BP significantly and positively correlated with salt intake in males and this trend was more pronounced in summer. Contrarily, females did not show a correlation between systolic BP and salt intake in both summer and winter. Moreover, the 90 patients who were not taking medications that impact sodium excretion showed a similar relationship between systolic BP and salt intake.</p> Conclusion <p>Salt intake in patients with CKD was higher in winter. Furthermore, the correlation between systolic BP and salt intake was particularly pronounced in males in summer.</p>

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Seasonal variation of salt intake in patients with chronic kidney disease correlates with that of systolic blood pressure in males in summer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Naro Ohashi,
  • Yuri Uchiyama,
  • Yoshimichi Yamashiro,
  • Sayaka Ishigaki,
  • Shinsuke Isobe,
  • Chiemi Ema,
  • Takamitsu Sasaki,
  • Masanori Sakakima,
  • Naoki Ikegaya,
  • Takamasa Iwakura,
  • Tomoyuki Fujikura,
  • Akihiko Kato,
  • Akira Hishida,
  • Hideo Yasuda

摘要

Background

Blood pressure (BP) displays a higher seasonal variation in winter than in summer. However, evidence of seasonal variations in salt intake is limited. No study has evaluated the same individuals over time using daily urine collection. Further, there are no reports that demonstrates the relationship between BP and salt intake by sex on a seasonal basis.

Methods

This study included 168 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (mean 62.1 years, 93 males) over a 1-year period. We analyzed the seasonal variation between summer and winter in 147 patients with CKD for whom both summer and winter data were available. In addition, we evaluated 90 patients separately who were not taking medications that impact urinary sodium excretion.

Results

In 147 patients, body weight, body mass index (BMI), BP, choline esterase (ChE), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and salt intake were higher in winter in males, whereas only BP, albumin, ChE and LDL cholesterol were higher in winter in females. In the multiple regression analyses, systolic BP significantly and positively correlated with salt intake in males and this trend was more pronounced in summer. Contrarily, females did not show a correlation between systolic BP and salt intake in both summer and winter. Moreover, the 90 patients who were not taking medications that impact sodium excretion showed a similar relationship between systolic BP and salt intake.

Conclusion

Salt intake in patients with CKD was higher in winter. Furthermore, the correlation between systolic BP and salt intake was particularly pronounced in males in summer.