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<p>The vermetid <i>Vermetus triquetrus</i>, commonly found on intertidal hard substrates in the Mediterranean Sea and the Portuguese coast, remains an underexplored marine resource. This study aimed to determine the total polyphenol content, fatty acid (FA) composition, and biological activity (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties) in the visceral mass and the head-foot part of this sessile gastropod from a population collected in Mira Estuary, mainland Portugal. The FA profile of the visceral mass albeit rich in saturated FA had significant levels of long-chain polyunsaturated FA, arachidonic acid (20:4 ω6), 6.3%, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 ω3, EPA), 4.2% of total FA, and a non-negligible content of docosapentaenoic (22:5 ω3), 2.1%. Moreover, though the FA profile of the head-foot part was not attained, regarding other parameters, there were differences between the visceral mass and head-foot part of V. triquetrus. In fact, concerning polyphenol content, whereas the head-foot contained a total of 142 ± 14 mg GAE/100 g dw, the visceral mass reached a high level of 314 ± 90 mg GAE/100 g dw. The antioxidant activity as measured by FRAP showed a similar pattern of higher values in the visceral mass than in the head-foot, 55.6 ± 18.3 µmol Fe2+/g dw vs. 9.8 ± 0.8 µmol Fe2+/g dw. Finally, the ABTS methodology largely agreed with polyphenol levels and FRAP, being the head-foot with 1189 ± 223 µmol Trolox Eq/100 g dw less antioxidant than the visceral mass, 5511 ± 2304 µmol Trolox Eq/100 g dw. Given the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds, such as polyphenols (more abundant in the visceral mass), anti-inflammatory activity, as measured by COX-2 inhibition %, was detected, reaching more than 30% in the visceral mass. Therefore, the gastropod <i>V</i>. <i>triquetrus</i> can be a source of polyphenolic compounds, being specially its visceral mass, not only a rich source of polyphenols, but also a starting material for highly antioxidant extracts. Given the known biological activity of polyphenols and the convergence of results with the FRAP and ABTS antioxidant activity methods, further study on the specific phenolic composition and extract fractionation and refining is warranted.</p>

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Unveiling the Hidden Biotechnological Potential of the Vermetid Gastropod Vermetus triquetrus: Insights into an Unexplored Marine Resource

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • A. Breves,
  • C. Cardoso,
  • C. Afonso,
  • J. Matos,
  • J. Lobo-Arteaga,
  • C. Bartilotti,
  • S. Sales,
  • S. Pedro,
  • N. M. Bandarra

摘要

The vermetid Vermetus triquetrus, commonly found on intertidal hard substrates in the Mediterranean Sea and the Portuguese coast, remains an underexplored marine resource. This study aimed to determine the total polyphenol content, fatty acid (FA) composition, and biological activity (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties) in the visceral mass and the head-foot part of this sessile gastropod from a population collected in Mira Estuary, mainland Portugal. The FA profile of the visceral mass albeit rich in saturated FA had significant levels of long-chain polyunsaturated FA, arachidonic acid (20:4 ω6), 6.3%, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 ω3, EPA), 4.2% of total FA, and a non-negligible content of docosapentaenoic (22:5 ω3), 2.1%. Moreover, though the FA profile of the head-foot part was not attained, regarding other parameters, there were differences between the visceral mass and head-foot part of V. triquetrus. In fact, concerning polyphenol content, whereas the head-foot contained a total of 142 ± 14 mg GAE/100 g dw, the visceral mass reached a high level of 314 ± 90 mg GAE/100 g dw. The antioxidant activity as measured by FRAP showed a similar pattern of higher values in the visceral mass than in the head-foot, 55.6 ± 18.3 µmol Fe2+/g dw vs. 9.8 ± 0.8 µmol Fe2+/g dw. Finally, the ABTS methodology largely agreed with polyphenol levels and FRAP, being the head-foot with 1189 ± 223 µmol Trolox Eq/100 g dw less antioxidant than the visceral mass, 5511 ± 2304 µmol Trolox Eq/100 g dw. Given the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds, such as polyphenols (more abundant in the visceral mass), anti-inflammatory activity, as measured by COX-2 inhibition %, was detected, reaching more than 30% in the visceral mass. Therefore, the gastropod V. triquetrus can be a source of polyphenolic compounds, being specially its visceral mass, not only a rich source of polyphenols, but also a starting material for highly antioxidant extracts. Given the known biological activity of polyphenols and the convergence of results with the FRAP and ABTS antioxidant activity methods, further study on the specific phenolic composition and extract fractionation and refining is warranted.