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<p>Heavy metals (HM) exhibit a dual effect on fungal growth and development, displaying both toxicity and stimulatory properties. At low concentrations, HM can enhance fungal biomass, colony growth, sporulation, nucleic acid synthesis, gene expression, and toxin production. Given that membrane lipids and cytosolic biomolecules (storage lipids, carbohydrates, and polyols) serve as crucial indicators of fungal vitality under both optimal and stress conditions, we hypothesized that growth-stimulating HM exposure would alter their composition, revealing stress responses. Specifically, this study investigated the impact of growth-stimulating zinc concentrations (resulting in a 50–60% increase in biomass) on the membrane and storage lipid profiles, as well as the cytosolic osmolyte profiles, of the soil filamentous fungi <i>Clonostachys farinosa</i>, <i>Fusarium equiseti</i>, <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i>, and <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>. All fungi exhibited a hormetic response to zinc, evidenced by increased biomass and stimulated sporulation. Zinc altered the composition of both membrane lipids and intracellular biomolecules. Specifically, we observed a consistent decrease in membrane sterol content, an increase in the unsaturation of membrane phospholipid fatty acids, and a reduction in storage triacylglycerides across all species. Mannitol dominated the carbohydrate and polyol profiles, and its proportion increased in the presence of zinc ions, while trehalose levels remained unchanged or decreased. These collective findings suggest a predominantly hormetic, rather than a stress-induced, response to zinc exposure.</p>

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Zinc-mediated changes to cytosol osmolyte and lipid profiles in soil fungi under growth-stimulating conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Elena V. Fedoseeva,
  • Vera M. Tereshina,
  • Olga A. Danilova,
  • Elena A. Ianutsevich,
  • Anna E. Ivanova,
  • Vera A. Terekhova

摘要

Heavy metals (HM) exhibit a dual effect on fungal growth and development, displaying both toxicity and stimulatory properties. At low concentrations, HM can enhance fungal biomass, colony growth, sporulation, nucleic acid synthesis, gene expression, and toxin production. Given that membrane lipids and cytosolic biomolecules (storage lipids, carbohydrates, and polyols) serve as crucial indicators of fungal vitality under both optimal and stress conditions, we hypothesized that growth-stimulating HM exposure would alter their composition, revealing stress responses. Specifically, this study investigated the impact of growth-stimulating zinc concentrations (resulting in a 50–60% increase in biomass) on the membrane and storage lipid profiles, as well as the cytosolic osmolyte profiles, of the soil filamentous fungi Clonostachys farinosa, Fusarium equiseti, Trichoderma asperellum, and Trichoderma harzianum. All fungi exhibited a hormetic response to zinc, evidenced by increased biomass and stimulated sporulation. Zinc altered the composition of both membrane lipids and intracellular biomolecules. Specifically, we observed a consistent decrease in membrane sterol content, an increase in the unsaturation of membrane phospholipid fatty acids, and a reduction in storage triacylglycerides across all species. Mannitol dominated the carbohydrate and polyol profiles, and its proportion increased in the presence of zinc ions, while trehalose levels remained unchanged or decreased. These collective findings suggest a predominantly hormetic, rather than a stress-induced, response to zinc exposure.