Spontaneous Gauged O(N) Symmetry Breaking in Polymer Crystallization
摘要
The long-range order and intrinsic entanglement of polymer play a crucial role in crystallization and the corresponding melting relaxation which, however, are rarely treated as a form of symmetry. In this work, a field model is developed based on a self-avoiding random string with open ends, where time dimension for string vibrations is added and the dynamics of chain vibrations is captured by ϕ4 a theory with O(N) symmetry. The long-range order triggered by crystallization is referred to the scalar’s breaking in grand canonical ensemble, while entanglement is considered as a geometric dynamic effect in absence of closed loops, rather than chain topology. For the entanglement, there are interactions among the replica scalar’s components via the gauged O(N) symmetry. The infrared stability at d = 3 + 1 requires N = 2, thus the gauge-scalar theory is reduced to Coleman-Weinberg model in the rest frame. The finite-temperature effect causes the second-order phase transition related to scalar’s breaking to become first-order with a metastable region, depending on the gauge coupling g. These modeling results are helpful in understanding the crystallization and melting behavior of polymer, including the difference of the extrapolated temperatures in Gibbs-Thomson equation, and the re-entanglement and the vanishing of long-range order in melt relaxation.