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<p>Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a pivotal technique for the synthesis of polymers with well-defined structures that are devoid of metallic residues. A major challenge in this area is the reduction of catalyst loading while maintaining precise control over polymer architecture and properties. Herein, we systematically evaluate the efficacy of six pyrazino[2,3-<i>f</i>][1,10]phenanthroline (pyzPhen)-based photoredox catalysts in photoinduced O-ATRP. Experimental results indicate that the introduction of various substituents markedly influences the photophysical properties and redox behavior of the catalysts, thereby resulting in differing catalytic efficiencies in the O-ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Following additional optimization, two highly efficient O-ATRP photocatalysts capable of exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) were successfully identified. Under visible light irradiation, TADF catalysts effectively mediated the controlled polymerization of MMA at a low loading level of 50 ppm, particularly when used in conjunction with the initiator DBMM. The catalytic systems demonstrate excellent temporal control, broad monomer applicability, and favorable compatibility with various initiators and solvent systems. This work offers new insights into the development of efficient, low-catalyst-loading, metal-free ATRP systems.</p>

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Pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline Derivatives as Photoredox Catalysts for Photoinduced Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O-ATRP) at ppm-Level Loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月6日

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  • Wen-Zhe Xu,
  • Wan-Chao Hu,
  • Bei Liu,
  • Chang-Li Lü

摘要

Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a pivotal technique for the synthesis of polymers with well-defined structures that are devoid of metallic residues. A major challenge in this area is the reduction of catalyst loading while maintaining precise control over polymer architecture and properties. Herein, we systematically evaluate the efficacy of six pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (pyzPhen)-based photoredox catalysts in photoinduced O-ATRP. Experimental results indicate that the introduction of various substituents markedly influences the photophysical properties and redox behavior of the catalysts, thereby resulting in differing catalytic efficiencies in the O-ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Following additional optimization, two highly efficient O-ATRP photocatalysts capable of exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) were successfully identified. Under visible light irradiation, TADF catalysts effectively mediated the controlled polymerization of MMA at a low loading level of 50 ppm, particularly when used in conjunction with the initiator DBMM. The catalytic systems demonstrate excellent temporal control, broad monomer applicability, and favorable compatibility with various initiators and solvent systems. This work offers new insights into the development of efficient, low-catalyst-loading, metal-free ATRP systems.