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<p>Sanmen Bay (SMB) is a typical multi-channel bay along the southeastern coast of China that has experienced remarkable changes in hydrodynamics and water environment over the past 50&#xa0;years due to extensive reclamation. This study investigated the long-term evolution of tidal current, tidal prism, water exchange capacity, and pollutant transport in SMB from 1970 to 2020 through a hydrodynamic model coupled with a transport module. Results showed that two large-scale reclamations in the 1970s and 2005–2013 significantly altered SMB’s hydrodynamics and pollutant transport. The tidal prism decreased by 13%, and the average velocity and residual current in main channels weakened considerably. Over the past five decades, tidal dynamics weakened substantially, as the area with mean velocities exceeding 0.5&#xa0;m/s decreased by 29.3% of the total bay area. The weakened hydrodynamic field also reduced water exchange, prolonging basin residence time by 7.7&#xa0;days. Reclamation reshaped the pollutant distribution, expanding high-concentration zones of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN). The main channels in the top of SMB were identified as zones highly susceptible to water pollution from reclamation. Compared with bays of similar spatial scale and reclamation intensity, SMB’s multi-channel and more complex coastline morphology amplified the impacts of reclamation, leading to stronger and more intricate hydrodynamic responses. This study reveals the high sensitivity of hydrodynamic and the water environment in multi-channel bays to reclamation. Meanwhile, the analytical framework developed in this study provides a scientific basis for the quantitative investigation of hydrodynamic and water quality evolution in similar bays.</p>

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Response of water environment in a multi-channel bay to reclamation: A case study of Sanmen Bay, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Chunyan Zhou,
  • Yuanhao Ma,
  • Qiushun Wang,
  • Chunyang Xu,
  • Peng Wang

摘要

Sanmen Bay (SMB) is a typical multi-channel bay along the southeastern coast of China that has experienced remarkable changes in hydrodynamics and water environment over the past 50 years due to extensive reclamation. This study investigated the long-term evolution of tidal current, tidal prism, water exchange capacity, and pollutant transport in SMB from 1970 to 2020 through a hydrodynamic model coupled with a transport module. Results showed that two large-scale reclamations in the 1970s and 2005–2013 significantly altered SMB’s hydrodynamics and pollutant transport. The tidal prism decreased by 13%, and the average velocity and residual current in main channels weakened considerably. Over the past five decades, tidal dynamics weakened substantially, as the area with mean velocities exceeding 0.5 m/s decreased by 29.3% of the total bay area. The weakened hydrodynamic field also reduced water exchange, prolonging basin residence time by 7.7 days. Reclamation reshaped the pollutant distribution, expanding high-concentration zones of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN). The main channels in the top of SMB were identified as zones highly susceptible to water pollution from reclamation. Compared with bays of similar spatial scale and reclamation intensity, SMB’s multi-channel and more complex coastline morphology amplified the impacts of reclamation, leading to stronger and more intricate hydrodynamic responses. This study reveals the high sensitivity of hydrodynamic and the water environment in multi-channel bays to reclamation. Meanwhile, the analytical framework developed in this study provides a scientific basis for the quantitative investigation of hydrodynamic and water quality evolution in similar bays.