<p>Ongoing climate and land use changes pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services in Western Africa. High deforestation rates, combined with climate-driven range shifts, impact the distribution of tree species providing key ecosystem services such as timber. However, the distribution of timber species in Nigeria under climate and land use change is poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed current and future (2041–2070) patterns of timber species richness and their implications for forest management by using individually tuned maximum entropy models for 108 native timber species under three climate change scenarios, accounting for current land use. Our models show up to 85 timber species concentrated in the southern moist forests, which are important biodiversity hotspots and centers of endemism in West Africa, while the northern savannas exhibit lower richness. Under all Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs), species richness changes range from slight increases to localized declines in southern regions. Up to 78% of timber species are predicted to lose suitable habitat under SSP1-2.6, with an average net loss of 36%, due to relatively little precipitation and increased temperature, while SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 show smaller losses due to higher increases in precipitation (27% and 23%). Generally, 42.3% of Nigeria was classified as unsuitable for timber species due to land use. Our findings highlight the importance of the southern moist forests of the Cross River and Ogun states as key refugia and connectivity corridors for native timber species. These results stress the need for targeted ecological restoration, connectivity improvement, and sustainable forest management, considering species vulnerability to climate change, to mitigate impacts on ecosystem services.</p>