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<p>Microplastics (MPs, &lt; 5&#xa0;mm) are emerging soil pollutants; however, the regulation of their occurrence and ecological risks by land-use patterns in tropical agricultural regions remains insufficiently limited. This study investigated the occurrence and risks of MPs and mesoplastics (5–25&#xa0;mm) across four intensively cultivated land-use types in Hainan: paddy fields, vegetable plots, orchards, and rubber plantations. Mesoplastics were present at all sites, primarily as fibrous polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) fragments (10–25&#xa0;mm). MPs exhibited pronounced differences based on land use, with orchards and rice fields showing the highest abundances, while rubber plantations had the lowest. The primary types were fragments and fibers, with particle size distribution characteristics in vegetable plots and orchards being less than 100&#xa0;μm, whereas in rice fields and rubber plantations, they ranged from 100 to 500&#xa0;μm. Furthermore, the similar plastic composition (PE and PP) between mesoplastics and MPs indicates that the fragmentation of mesoplastics in agricultural production is a significant source of MPs. Risk assessment revealed that although all land uses were classified as Level I by the pollution load index (PLI) model, the hazard index indicated a markedly higher Level III risk in rice fields due to high-hazard polymers. Overall, agricultural practices—rather than climate alone—shaped both the abundance and polymer toxicity profiles of MPs. These findings provide scientific evidence to support land-use-specific management of plastic residues in tropical agricultural soils.</p>

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Occurrence characteristics and environmental risk of microplastics in tropical China depend on land use patterns

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Yanru Kang,
  • Xianwen Hou,
  • Mingbiao Mei,
  • Nan Chen,
  • Chunwei Yu,
  • Shaobai Wen

摘要

Microplastics (MPs, < 5 mm) are emerging soil pollutants; however, the regulation of their occurrence and ecological risks by land-use patterns in tropical agricultural regions remains insufficiently limited. This study investigated the occurrence and risks of MPs and mesoplastics (5–25 mm) across four intensively cultivated land-use types in Hainan: paddy fields, vegetable plots, orchards, and rubber plantations. Mesoplastics were present at all sites, primarily as fibrous polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) fragments (10–25 mm). MPs exhibited pronounced differences based on land use, with orchards and rice fields showing the highest abundances, while rubber plantations had the lowest. The primary types were fragments and fibers, with particle size distribution characteristics in vegetable plots and orchards being less than 100 μm, whereas in rice fields and rubber plantations, they ranged from 100 to 500 μm. Furthermore, the similar plastic composition (PE and PP) between mesoplastics and MPs indicates that the fragmentation of mesoplastics in agricultural production is a significant source of MPs. Risk assessment revealed that although all land uses were classified as Level I by the pollution load index (PLI) model, the hazard index indicated a markedly higher Level III risk in rice fields due to high-hazard polymers. Overall, agricultural practices—rather than climate alone—shaped both the abundance and polymer toxicity profiles of MPs. These findings provide scientific evidence to support land-use-specific management of plastic residues in tropical agricultural soils.