<p>Recognising the crucial role of agriculture in livelihoods and food security necessitates managing climate risks and enhancing resilience in the sector. Although there are initiatives to promote climate-smart agriculture (CSA) to improve resilience, only limited research exists on its effectiveness, and the factors influencing CSA adoption across different agro-climatic zones remain understudied. This study examines the adoption of CSA practices in Odisha, eastern India, a region highly vulnerable to climate extremes. A survey of farmers across four districts comprising coastal and non-coastal agro-climatic conditions has been conducted to analyse determinants of adoption of four key CSA practices: rainwater harvesting, laser land levelling, stop dams and scheduling irrigation, using a multivariate Probit model. Results indicate that institutional support, such as the national innovations in climate-resilient agriculture (NICRA) project, has a heterogeneous association with the adoption of CSA practices. While evidence shows that it enhances adoption rates for practices like rainwater harvesting and laser land levelling, economic factors and environmental awareness significantly influence adoption. However, the overall difference in adoption rates between NICRA and non-NICRA villages is significant but not large. Furthermore, barriers such as limited awareness and socio-economic constraints hinder widespread adoption. The findings emphasise the need for targeted policies to support CSA adoption through institutional capacity building, awareness campaigns and gender-sensitive approaches. Expanding NICRA’s reach and integrating local knowledge with technical support can improve resilience in high-risk areas. This study provides policymakers with insights into designing interventions that foster CSA as a key adaptation strategy for climate-resilient agriculture.</p>