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<p>In 2024, Brazil experienced one of the most severe wildfire crises in its history, with unprecedented outbreaks across the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal biomes. This surge was fueled by the interplay of prolonged droughts, escalating deforestation, and weak institutional control, resulting in devastating ecological, social, and public health consequences. Thousands of urban and rural areas faced hazardous air quality levels and widespread environmental degradation, while agricultural losses mounted into billions of reais. Beyond its national dimension, this crisis represents a planetary threat, undermining climate stability and biodiversity conservation. Here, we contextualize the 2024 wildfire emergency within Brazil’s historical and political landscape, highlighting governance failures, legal setbacks, and the resurgence of illegal fire use. Drawing from recent legal reforms and institutional records, we reveal persistent gaps in fire management and law enforcement, which jeopardize international climate commitments and Sustainable Development Goals. This communication underscores the urgent need for integrated fire governance strategies, transboundary cooperation, and strengthened legal frameworks to prevent further collapse of Brazil’s critical ecosystems. As the nation prepares to host COP30 in 2025, Brazil’s response will serve as a decisive litmus test for global climate diplomacy, forest governance, and environmental accountability in the Global South.</p>

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Ashes of governance: Brazil’s 2024 wildfire crisis and its implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Ronan Adler Tavella,
  • Fernando Rafael de Moura,
  • Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior

摘要

In 2024, Brazil experienced one of the most severe wildfire crises in its history, with unprecedented outbreaks across the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal biomes. This surge was fueled by the interplay of prolonged droughts, escalating deforestation, and weak institutional control, resulting in devastating ecological, social, and public health consequences. Thousands of urban and rural areas faced hazardous air quality levels and widespread environmental degradation, while agricultural losses mounted into billions of reais. Beyond its national dimension, this crisis represents a planetary threat, undermining climate stability and biodiversity conservation. Here, we contextualize the 2024 wildfire emergency within Brazil’s historical and political landscape, highlighting governance failures, legal setbacks, and the resurgence of illegal fire use. Drawing from recent legal reforms and institutional records, we reveal persistent gaps in fire management and law enforcement, which jeopardize international climate commitments and Sustainable Development Goals. This communication underscores the urgent need for integrated fire governance strategies, transboundary cooperation, and strengthened legal frameworks to prevent further collapse of Brazil’s critical ecosystems. As the nation prepares to host COP30 in 2025, Brazil’s response will serve as a decisive litmus test for global climate diplomacy, forest governance, and environmental accountability in the Global South.