<p>Agricultural land abandonment occurs when a certain crop or pasture area ceases to be used and begins the process of ecological succession. This phenomenon can be driven by factors such as depletion of natural resources, land conflicts, and lack of governmental support for the continuity of production. Matopiba, a region encompassing four Brazilian states, has been an expanding agricultural frontier, leading to social and environmental issues, such as land grabbing and disputes over natural resources. This study employs remote sensing methods, applied to satellite imagery, to identify abandoned agricultural lands in Matopiba, year by year, from 2006 to 2018. Land abandonment indicators were subjected to spatial analysis to identify areas with higher concentrations of abandonment and evaluate the relationship with slope and soil type. The results indicate nearly four million hectares of abandoned lands, heterogeneously distributed across the region. These findings contribute to understanding agricultural abandonment dynamics and highlight areas that most need public policies focused on recultivation and sustainable management. These are essential to strengthening food security and sustainability in the region.</p>