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<p>Heavy metal contamination in mining-impacted soils poses serious ecological and public-health concerns, requiring innovative and sustainable remediation strategies. This study assessed a sequential insect–plant remediation system integrating entomoremediation with <i>Hermetia illucens</i> (Black Soldier Fly, BSF) larvae followed by phytoremediation with <i>Brassica juncea</i>. BSF larvae were initially deployed to immobilize and stabilize Cd, Pb, and Zn, and subsequently <i>Brassica juncea</i> was cultivated on the preconditioned soil, with the objective of enhancing phytoextraction. Mechanistic assays and kinetic modeling were conducted to elucidate the underlying pathways of metal transformation. BSF larvae achieved rapid immobilization of Cd, Pb, and Zn (63%, 57%, and 49% within 14&#xa0;days) through a combination of gut-mediated sequestration, chitin-associated binding, and Ca–P-mediated stabilization in frass. Subsequent cultivation of <i>Brassica juncea</i> enhanced total metal removal, achieving sustained uptake of Cd (50%), Pb (44%), and Zn (41%) driven by rhizosphere mobilization and vacuolar compartmentalization. Sequential treatment improved overall removal efficiencies to 78% for Cd, 70% for Pb, and 65% for Zn, and significantly enhanced soil quality. Kinetic transitions from pseudo-first- to pseudo-second-order uptake revealed increased equilibrium capacity following BSF preconditioning. The integrated BSF → <i>Brassica juncea</i> cascade establishes a remediation pathway that is synergistic and eco-engineered, coupling rapid biological detoxification with sustained stabilization and phytoextraction. This integrated strategy constitutes a novel approach for the sustainable restoration of heavy metal-contaminated soils, aligned with the principles of the circular economy.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic heavy metal remediation through a novel black soldier fly–Brassica juncea cascade in mining-impacted soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Afef Sai,
  • Leila Khalfa,
  • Mohamed Ali Borgi

摘要

Heavy metal contamination in mining-impacted soils poses serious ecological and public-health concerns, requiring innovative and sustainable remediation strategies. This study assessed a sequential insect–plant remediation system integrating entomoremediation with Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF) larvae followed by phytoremediation with Brassica juncea. BSF larvae were initially deployed to immobilize and stabilize Cd, Pb, and Zn, and subsequently Brassica juncea was cultivated on the preconditioned soil, with the objective of enhancing phytoextraction. Mechanistic assays and kinetic modeling were conducted to elucidate the underlying pathways of metal transformation. BSF larvae achieved rapid immobilization of Cd, Pb, and Zn (63%, 57%, and 49% within 14 days) through a combination of gut-mediated sequestration, chitin-associated binding, and Ca–P-mediated stabilization in frass. Subsequent cultivation of Brassica juncea enhanced total metal removal, achieving sustained uptake of Cd (50%), Pb (44%), and Zn (41%) driven by rhizosphere mobilization and vacuolar compartmentalization. Sequential treatment improved overall removal efficiencies to 78% for Cd, 70% for Pb, and 65% for Zn, and significantly enhanced soil quality. Kinetic transitions from pseudo-first- to pseudo-second-order uptake revealed increased equilibrium capacity following BSF preconditioning. The integrated BSF → Brassica juncea cascade establishes a remediation pathway that is synergistic and eco-engineered, coupling rapid biological detoxification with sustained stabilization and phytoextraction. This integrated strategy constitutes a novel approach for the sustainable restoration of heavy metal-contaminated soils, aligned with the principles of the circular economy.

Graphical Abstract