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<p>Soil contamination with heavy metals poses significant environmental and food safety risks. Chelate-enhanced soil washing offers a remediation strategy, though synthetic chelants like EDTA raise ecological concerns. This study evaluates citric acid (CA) and oxalic acid (OA) as biodegradable alternatives for removing Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils and enhancing phytoavailability for maize (<i>Zea mays L</i>.) uptake. Laboratory soil washing and greenhouse trials showed that CA achieved 5% higher removal efficiency than OA, with metal extraction following the order Cu &gt; Cd &gt; Pb &gt; Zn. Sequential extraction analysis revealed significant reductions in organic-bound metal fractions, particularly for Pb (from 45 to 0.8%) and Cd (from 10 to 0%), indicating reduced mobility and bioavailability.&#xa0;Maize effectively immobilized Cd and Pb in root tissues but accumulated Cu and Zn in shoots, demonstrating selective phytoextraction capabilities.&#xa0;However, shoot concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded safety thresholds, raising concerns about food chain contamination. Combining organic acid washing (e.g., CA/OA) with phytoremediation and soil amendments (e.g., biochar, compost) emerges as a sustainable strategy to mitigate risks while leveraging plant–metal interactions for safer remediation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Evaluating citric and oxalic acids as sustainable chelating agents for heavy metal remediation and phytoextraction efficiency in contaminated soils using maize (Zea mays)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Ojone Anyebe,
  • Fatihu Kabir Sadiq,
  • Abdulalim Ahovi Sadiq,
  • Khalid S. Almaary,
  • Hafiz Muhammad Saleem Akhtar

摘要

Soil contamination with heavy metals poses significant environmental and food safety risks. Chelate-enhanced soil washing offers a remediation strategy, though synthetic chelants like EDTA raise ecological concerns. This study evaluates citric acid (CA) and oxalic acid (OA) as biodegradable alternatives for removing Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils and enhancing phytoavailability for maize (Zea mays L.) uptake. Laboratory soil washing and greenhouse trials showed that CA achieved 5% higher removal efficiency than OA, with metal extraction following the order Cu > Cd > Pb > Zn. Sequential extraction analysis revealed significant reductions in organic-bound metal fractions, particularly for Pb (from 45 to 0.8%) and Cd (from 10 to 0%), indicating reduced mobility and bioavailability. Maize effectively immobilized Cd and Pb in root tissues but accumulated Cu and Zn in shoots, demonstrating selective phytoextraction capabilities. However, shoot concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded safety thresholds, raising concerns about food chain contamination. Combining organic acid washing (e.g., CA/OA) with phytoremediation and soil amendments (e.g., biochar, compost) emerges as a sustainable strategy to mitigate risks while leveraging plant–metal interactions for safer remediation.

Graphical Abstract