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<p>Growing global concerns about environmental sustainability have heightened the need to understand key factors influencing ecological footprints (EF). This study examines the roles of green technologies (GRT), research and development (R&amp;D) and environmental policies (ENP) in promoting environmental sustainability in India. Using both autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) techniques, the study analyzes long- and short-run relationships between these variables from 1990 to 2022. The findings indicate that green technology, R&amp;D, and environmental policies significantly reduce India’s ecological footprint, with NARDL analysis showing a stronger overall impact. Specifically, green technology and environmental policies consistently decrease ecological footprints in both the short and long run, while R&amp;D contributes to a reduction in ecological footprints in the long run. The study underscores the importance of adopting green technologies and implementing robust environmental policies to enhance sustainability. Policymakers are encouraged to prioritize these measures to mitigate ecological degradation and foster long-term environmental resilience.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Green technologies, R&D and environmental policies: a dual ARDL-NARDL approach to sustainable transition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月29日

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  • Salman Ahmad

摘要

Growing global concerns about environmental sustainability have heightened the need to understand key factors influencing ecological footprints (EF). This study examines the roles of green technologies (GRT), research and development (R&D) and environmental policies (ENP) in promoting environmental sustainability in India. Using both autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) techniques, the study analyzes long- and short-run relationships between these variables from 1990 to 2022. The findings indicate that green technology, R&D, and environmental policies significantly reduce India’s ecological footprint, with NARDL analysis showing a stronger overall impact. Specifically, green technology and environmental policies consistently decrease ecological footprints in both the short and long run, while R&D contributes to a reduction in ecological footprints in the long run. The study underscores the importance of adopting green technologies and implementing robust environmental policies to enhance sustainability. Policymakers are encouraged to prioritize these measures to mitigate ecological degradation and foster long-term environmental resilience.

Graphical abstract