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<p>The aim of this study is to focus on the production of activated carbon (AC) from date seed waste using microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis (MACP). In the process, blast furnace slag (BFS), a by-product of iron and steel production, is employed as a catalyst. It is observed that reaction efficiency and product selectivity are improved by BFS in MACP. The highest biochar yield was observed at 450 Watts (W) microwave power, 15&#xa0;min irradiation time, and 20&#xa0;g BFS (D5-15) with 49.5%. The surface area and pore structure of the AC’s are analyzed through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques, and it is revealed that the surface area is reduced by increasing BFS ratios. The highest BET surface area was obtained at 450 W microwave power, 15&#xa0;min irradiation time, and 10&#xa0;g BFS (D3-15) with 1125 m<sup>2</sup>/g, with a biochar yield of 45.6%. In D5-15, with the highest biochar yield, the BET surface area was 987 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Additional analyses, including FTIR, SEM–EDX, and XRD, are conducted to examine the chemical structure and morphology of the AC. It is demonstrated that the production of cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high-performance AC can be achieved by using date seeds and BFS.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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An innovative application of blast furnace slag: utilization as catalysts in the microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of date seeds for activated carbon synthesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月10日

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  • Işıl Parmaksız,
  • Rahman Çalhan

摘要

The aim of this study is to focus on the production of activated carbon (AC) from date seed waste using microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis (MACP). In the process, blast furnace slag (BFS), a by-product of iron and steel production, is employed as a catalyst. It is observed that reaction efficiency and product selectivity are improved by BFS in MACP. The highest biochar yield was observed at 450 Watts (W) microwave power, 15 min irradiation time, and 20 g BFS (D5-15) with 49.5%. The surface area and pore structure of the AC’s are analyzed through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques, and it is revealed that the surface area is reduced by increasing BFS ratios. The highest BET surface area was obtained at 450 W microwave power, 15 min irradiation time, and 10 g BFS (D3-15) with 1125 m2/g, with a biochar yield of 45.6%. In D5-15, with the highest biochar yield, the BET surface area was 987 m2/g. Additional analyses, including FTIR, SEM–EDX, and XRD, are conducted to examine the chemical structure and morphology of the AC. It is demonstrated that the production of cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high-performance AC can be achieved by using date seeds and BFS.

Graphical abstract