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<p>The application of natural and low-carbon materials for soil improvement has become one of the important challenges in geotechnical engineering due to increasing urbanization, the growing demand for sustainable pavement systems, and environmental concerns. This study investigated Persian gum, a plant-based and eco-friendly biopolymer, to enhance the mechanical properties of high-plasticity clay soil. In this study, a simultaneous combination of destructive mechanical tests with nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements was used to monitor the structural improvement process of the soil accurately and continuously over time. A series of laboratory tests, including standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), UPV, and direct shear test, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of soil stabilization with different contents of Persian gum (0–2.5%) at curing times of 7, 28, and 90&#xa0;days. The compaction test results showed that increasing the Persian gum content to 2.5% increased the optimum moisture content from 20.8 to 27.1%, and the maximum dry density decreased from 16.22 to 14.25&#xa0;kN/m<sup>3</sup>. Also, at the optimum content of 2%, the UCS and ITS increased from 297 to 520&#xa0;kPa and from 47 to 92&#xa0;kPa, respectively, after 28&#xa0;days. These values met the regulatory requirements of 500–600&#xa0;kPa for expansive subgrade soils using cementitious materials. In addition, the UPV was also enhanced by about 21% during the same time, indicating higher compaction and higher cohesion of the soil matrix. The direct shear test results also showed an increase in adhesion and a slight decrease in the friction angle. Furthermore, statistical analysis confirms the strong relationship between UPV and strength (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.87; <i>p</i> value &lt; 10⁻⁹) and demonstrates the effectiveness of UPV as a nondestructive method for quality control of biopolymer stabilization. Overall, with acceptable technical performance, environmental compatibility, and applicability at the scale of civil engineering projects, Persian gum can be a green alternative for subgrade stabilization and other geotechnical applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Investigating the effect of Persian gum biopolymer on the properties of high-plasticity clay as pavement base using nondestructive method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月4日

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  • Arian Abedini,
  • Saman Soleimani Kutanaei,
  • Abdullah Davoudi-Kia,
  • Ali Seyedkazemi,
  • Mojtaba Esmaeilnia Amiri

摘要

The application of natural and low-carbon materials for soil improvement has become one of the important challenges in geotechnical engineering due to increasing urbanization, the growing demand for sustainable pavement systems, and environmental concerns. This study investigated Persian gum, a plant-based and eco-friendly biopolymer, to enhance the mechanical properties of high-plasticity clay soil. In this study, a simultaneous combination of destructive mechanical tests with nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements was used to monitor the structural improvement process of the soil accurately and continuously over time. A series of laboratory tests, including standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), UPV, and direct shear test, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of soil stabilization with different contents of Persian gum (0–2.5%) at curing times of 7, 28, and 90 days. The compaction test results showed that increasing the Persian gum content to 2.5% increased the optimum moisture content from 20.8 to 27.1%, and the maximum dry density decreased from 16.22 to 14.25 kN/m3. Also, at the optimum content of 2%, the UCS and ITS increased from 297 to 520 kPa and from 47 to 92 kPa, respectively, after 28 days. These values met the regulatory requirements of 500–600 kPa for expansive subgrade soils using cementitious materials. In addition, the UPV was also enhanced by about 21% during the same time, indicating higher compaction and higher cohesion of the soil matrix. The direct shear test results also showed an increase in adhesion and a slight decrease in the friction angle. Furthermore, statistical analysis confirms the strong relationship between UPV and strength (R2 > 0.87; p value < 10⁻⁹) and demonstrates the effectiveness of UPV as a nondestructive method for quality control of biopolymer stabilization. Overall, with acceptable technical performance, environmental compatibility, and applicability at the scale of civil engineering projects, Persian gum can be a green alternative for subgrade stabilization and other geotechnical applications.

Graphical abstract