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<p>The depletion of fossil fuels and rising environmental concerns have driven the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, with hydrogen-enriched fuels emerging as a promising alternative due to their high-energy density and clean combustion. However, challenges such as hydrogen storage and safety have hindered their widespread adoption. This study explores the potential of hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen carrier in biofuel blends for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines. Using waste palm oil methyl ester as the base fuel, hydrazine hydrate was blended at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume, and 50&#xa0;ppm of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were added to enhance combustion characteristics. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder HCCI engine under varying operating conditions to evaluate combustion performance, emission reduction, and fuel efficiency. The 15% hydrazine hydrate blend demonstrated a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions (15.2%), unburned hydrocarbons (32.4%), and particulate matter (38.7%) compared to conventional diesel. Furthermore, brake thermal efficiency improved by 6.3%, while brake-specific energy consumption decreased by 4.1%. Economic analysis revealed an 18.9% reduction in fuel costs compared to diesel, highlighting the cost-effectiveness of the proposed fuel. The findings underscore the potential of hydrazine hydrate-enriched biofuels to address key limitations of hydrogen and biodiesel technologies, offering an innovative pathway toward cleaner and more efficient energy solutions. This work provides a robust foundation for the development of sustainable and high-performance fuel alternatives.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Hydrogen-enriched hydrazine hydrate biofuels for superior performance and emission reduction in HCCI engines toward sustainable combustion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • I. Vinoth Kanna,
  • M. Malika,
  • Raja Subramani,
  • Maher Ali Rusho,
  • Arthanari Ramesh

摘要

The depletion of fossil fuels and rising environmental concerns have driven the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, with hydrogen-enriched fuels emerging as a promising alternative due to their high-energy density and clean combustion. However, challenges such as hydrogen storage and safety have hindered their widespread adoption. This study explores the potential of hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen carrier in biofuel blends for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines. Using waste palm oil methyl ester as the base fuel, hydrazine hydrate was blended at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume, and 50 ppm of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were added to enhance combustion characteristics. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder HCCI engine under varying operating conditions to evaluate combustion performance, emission reduction, and fuel efficiency. The 15% hydrazine hydrate blend demonstrated a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions (15.2%), unburned hydrocarbons (32.4%), and particulate matter (38.7%) compared to conventional diesel. Furthermore, brake thermal efficiency improved by 6.3%, while brake-specific energy consumption decreased by 4.1%. Economic analysis revealed an 18.9% reduction in fuel costs compared to diesel, highlighting the cost-effectiveness of the proposed fuel. The findings underscore the potential of hydrazine hydrate-enriched biofuels to address key limitations of hydrogen and biodiesel technologies, offering an innovative pathway toward cleaner and more efficient energy solutions. This work provides a robust foundation for the development of sustainable and high-performance fuel alternatives.

Graphical abstract