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<p>High discharge volume of palm oil mill effluent (POME) with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity is a pressing environmental challenge that requires increased attention. In this study, jar test experiments were carried out to examine the potential of a natural coagulant extracted from the leaves of <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i> for the primary treatment of POME to meet standard discharge limits. Emphasis was placed on examining two main parameters, namely coagulant dosage (0‒100&#xa0;mg/L) and pH of the raw POME (4‒9). The coagulant exhibited robust performance in removing turbidity (89%), TSS (95%) and COD (82%) for raw POME with initial characteristics of 470 ± 106.2 NTU turbidity, 2680 ± 204.6&#xa0;mg/L TSS, 2880 ± 22.3&#xa0;mg/L COD, 10,313 ± 441 ADMI colour and pH 8; however, the colour removal (70%) was not high. Treatment efficiency exhibited a significant response towards changes in the examined parameters. Characterisation of the recovered sludge cake showed a lack of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; however, its micronutrient-rich formula, including calcium, silicon, magnesium and iron, draws attention to its potential for use as a biofertiliser.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Flocculating suspended solids in palm oil mill effluent using Leucaena leucocephala extract: performance, kinetics and characterisation of the recovered sludge

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月27日

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  • Zahraa Hasan Mutar,
  • Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah,
  • Israa Abdulwahab Al-Baldawi

摘要

High discharge volume of palm oil mill effluent (POME) with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity is a pressing environmental challenge that requires increased attention. In this study, jar test experiments were carried out to examine the potential of a natural coagulant extracted from the leaves of Leucaena leucocephala for the primary treatment of POME to meet standard discharge limits. Emphasis was placed on examining two main parameters, namely coagulant dosage (0‒100 mg/L) and pH of the raw POME (4‒9). The coagulant exhibited robust performance in removing turbidity (89%), TSS (95%) and COD (82%) for raw POME with initial characteristics of 470 ± 106.2 NTU turbidity, 2680 ± 204.6 mg/L TSS, 2880 ± 22.3 mg/L COD, 10,313 ± 441 ADMI colour and pH 8; however, the colour removal (70%) was not high. Treatment efficiency exhibited a significant response towards changes in the examined parameters. Characterisation of the recovered sludge cake showed a lack of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; however, its micronutrient-rich formula, including calcium, silicon, magnesium and iron, draws attention to its potential for use as a biofertiliser.

Graphical abstract