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<p>American foulbrood (AFB) and chalkbrood are two pathogenic diseases, among many other pathogens, which attack honey bees, causing a decline in honey bee colonies and significant environmental and economic losses worldwide. Investigations have been directed to the discovery of safe treatments to substitute antibiotic applications in honey bee hives. In this context, we screened the in vitro antimicrobial activities of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (commonly known as spirulina) ethanolic extract against the pathogens <i>Paenibacillus larvae</i> and <i>Ascosphaera apis</i>, which cause AFB and chalkbrood diseases, respectively. The <i>A. platensis</i> ethanolic extract exhibited inhibitory activity against <i>P. larvae</i>, with a mean inhibition zone diameter of 16 ± 1.03&#xa0;mm, which was higher than that of oxytetracycline (OTC, positive control), reported at 10 ± 0.25&#xa0;mm. Additionally, the <i>A. platensis</i> crude ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of <i>A. apis</i> with a mean percentage inhibition of 69.8 ± 0.3%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the crude extract were determined to be 2.5&#xa0;mg/mL for <i>P. larvae</i> and 0.25&#xa0;mg/mL for <i>A. apis</i>. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was employed, and antibacterial active fractions were identified. Six fractions exhibited antibacterial activities and were further characterized through GC–MS analysis. Eight compounds were identified: ethyl palmitate (hexadecanoic ethyl ester), methyl palmitate (hexadecanoic methyl ester), methyl oleate ((Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester), methyl stearate (octadecanoic methyl ester), diisooctyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate. These findings could be a starting point to discover the potential of spirulina and its bioactive constituents in the treatment of honey bee diseases.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Mining of potential Arthrospira platensis antimicrobial metabolites to tackle honey bee pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月31日

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  • Samah Nour El-Shafiey,
  • Hend Ibrahim Abdel-Aziz Gouda

摘要

American foulbrood (AFB) and chalkbrood are two pathogenic diseases, among many other pathogens, which attack honey bees, causing a decline in honey bee colonies and significant environmental and economic losses worldwide. Investigations have been directed to the discovery of safe treatments to substitute antibiotic applications in honey bee hives. In this context, we screened the in vitro antimicrobial activities of Arthrospira platensis (commonly known as spirulina) ethanolic extract against the pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis, which cause AFB and chalkbrood diseases, respectively. The A. platensis ethanolic extract exhibited inhibitory activity against P. larvae, with a mean inhibition zone diameter of 16 ± 1.03 mm, which was higher than that of oxytetracycline (OTC, positive control), reported at 10 ± 0.25 mm. Additionally, the A. platensis crude ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of A. apis with a mean percentage inhibition of 69.8 ± 0.3%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the crude extract were determined to be 2.5 mg/mL for P. larvae and 0.25 mg/mL for A. apis. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was employed, and antibacterial active fractions were identified. Six fractions exhibited antibacterial activities and were further characterized through GC–MS analysis. Eight compounds were identified: ethyl palmitate (hexadecanoic ethyl ester), methyl palmitate (hexadecanoic methyl ester), methyl oleate ((Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester), methyl stearate (octadecanoic methyl ester), diisooctyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate. These findings could be a starting point to discover the potential of spirulina and its bioactive constituents in the treatment of honey bee diseases.

Graphical abstract