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<p>Applying polyphosphate-containing antiscalants poses environmental concerns, which could be addressed by employing green compounds. This work reports the application of citric acid and succinic acid, individually and in combination with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), to prevent calcium sulfate precipitation. After determining inhibition performance, the sustainability of the developed inhibitors was assessed in a scenario describing the application of antiscalants in membrane-based water purification. Increasing the levels of phosphorous (P) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the generated wastewater stream and the corresponding treatment costs were evaluated. The efficiency of most two-component inhibitors was comparable to those of pure polyphosphates, achieving up to 100% scale inhibition (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These combinations provided up to 70% reduction in polyphosphate consumption, consequently mitigating drawbacks associated with pure polyphosphates and minimizing the risk of biofouling linked to applying green molecules at high dosages. The technical, environmental, and financial analyses proved that, at a dosage of 2&#xa0;ppm, several combinations of STPP and the organic acids cost-effectively inhibited scaling and generated waste streams not requiring P and COD removal when applied according to the scenario. Compared to pure polyphosphates, these inhibitors brought about a 70–82% reduction in the unit cost of purified water. The total annualized cost and the unit cost of purified water were sensitive to the recovery ratio of the membrane used in the purification process and generally reduced by increasing this ratio. In addition, the sustainability of the most efficient cases was not affected by variations in capital cost. These findings hold great promise for developing more sustainable inhibitors.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainability and functionality of the combined organic acids and polyphosphates to inhibit calcium sulfate scaling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月10日

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  • Saba Bahrami,
  • Reza Panahi

摘要

Applying polyphosphate-containing antiscalants poses environmental concerns, which could be addressed by employing green compounds. This work reports the application of citric acid and succinic acid, individually and in combination with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), to prevent calcium sulfate precipitation. After determining inhibition performance, the sustainability of the developed inhibitors was assessed in a scenario describing the application of antiscalants in membrane-based water purification. Increasing the levels of phosphorous (P) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the generated wastewater stream and the corresponding treatment costs were evaluated. The efficiency of most two-component inhibitors was comparable to those of pure polyphosphates, achieving up to 100% scale inhibition (p < 0.05). These combinations provided up to 70% reduction in polyphosphate consumption, consequently mitigating drawbacks associated with pure polyphosphates and minimizing the risk of biofouling linked to applying green molecules at high dosages. The technical, environmental, and financial analyses proved that, at a dosage of 2 ppm, several combinations of STPP and the organic acids cost-effectively inhibited scaling and generated waste streams not requiring P and COD removal when applied according to the scenario. Compared to pure polyphosphates, these inhibitors brought about a 70–82% reduction in the unit cost of purified water. The total annualized cost and the unit cost of purified water were sensitive to the recovery ratio of the membrane used in the purification process and generally reduced by increasing this ratio. In addition, the sustainability of the most efficient cases was not affected by variations in capital cost. These findings hold great promise for developing more sustainable inhibitors.

Graphical Abstract