Recent trends in remediating Basic Red 46 dye as a persistent pollutant from water bodies using promising adsorbents: a review

Basic Red 46 (BR 46) is an azo dye with hazardous properties that find extensive applications across several sectors. As a result of industrial activities, the release of wastewater tainted with dyes leads to significant water contamination, causing various health issues and detrimental ecological repercussions. Therefore, wastewater treatment is crucial for maintaining environmental integrity. The adsorption method is notable for its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and efficiency. In recent years, several adsorbents have been utilized in the adsorptive removal of Basic Red 46. This review focuses on the adsorption of Basic Red 46 onto various materials, including raw biomass, activated biomass, clay materials, polymeric adsorbents, nanoadsorbents, and composites. The topics covered in the study encompassed the isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanism of the adsorption process. Additionally, the recycling of the adsorbents and their potential for reuse throughout treatment processes were considered. Furthermore, other areas of investigation were identified, and suggestions for future research were provided.