Recent uses and applications of nuclear magnetic resonance, isotope ratio mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry for authenticity and geographical origin of wines

The wine market is experiencing rapid growth and there is increasing interest in determining the geographical origin of wine. This information improves the consumer’s perception of quality. Analytical tools using validated methodologies with up-to-date databases such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are essential for wine authentication. NMR helps identify the chemical composition and origin of wines, offering high reproducibility and the ability to detect multiple metabolites simultaneously. IRMS determines the origin of wine based on carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, reflecting the climate and growing conditions of a region. HRMS identifies compounds and secondary metabolites in wine samples. These techniques should be used together to ensure accurate and reliable results. This review provides information on these spectroscopic techniques and their applications in wine analysis and authentication, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.