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Introduction <p>The objective was to analyze the association of biomarkers with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and systemic inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).</p> Method <p>The sample included 60 subjects aged 32–65 (82% females), with 30 having RA. Saliva and serum samples were analyzed for interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-18, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Serum was additionally analyzed for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, urates, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). An international diagnostic protocol for TMDs was used.</p> Results <p>Subjects with RA had higher salivary IL-4, serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, GGT level, and lower calcium (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.015). Correlations between salivary cytokines and matching serum cytokines were significant only for IFN-γ (<i>r</i> = 0.348; <i>p</i> = 0.008). Somatization and depression correlated with serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio (<i>r</i> = 0.447–0.551; <i>p</i> ≤ 0.012). TMD was more prevalent in RA than in controls (43 vs. 27%). Subjects with RA had a higher orofacial pain intensity, somatization, and depression than those without RA (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.018).</p> Conclusion <p>Salivary and serum biomarkers were not related to the presence of TMDs in RA. Saliva showed a low potential to reveal the ongoing pathology of RA or TMD. Increased IL-4 and decreased calcium imply control of RA by medications, while increased GGT is linked to systemic inflammation in RA.<Table Float="No" ID="Taba"> <tgroup cols="2"> <colspec align="left" colname="c1" colnum="1" /> <colspec align="left" colname="c2" colnum="2" /> <tbody> <row> <entry align="left" nameend="c2" namest="c1"> <p><b>Key Points</b></p> <p>• <i>Serum biomarkers more accurately reflect the underlying pathology of RA and TMD than salivary biomarkers.</i></p> <p>• <i>No specific diagnostic biomarkers were identified that distinguish RA patients with TMDs from those without TMDs.</i></p> </entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </Table></p>

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Salivary and serum biomarkers profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and temporomandibular disorders

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • M. Dozet,
  • V. Fugosic Mesic,
  • A. M. Laskarin,
  • V. Drvar,
  • R. Grzic,
  • S. Spalj

摘要

Introduction

The objective was to analyze the association of biomarkers with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and systemic inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Method

The sample included 60 subjects aged 32–65 (82% females), with 30 having RA. Saliva and serum samples were analyzed for interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-18, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Serum was additionally analyzed for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, urates, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). An international diagnostic protocol for TMDs was used.

Results

Subjects with RA had higher salivary IL-4, serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, GGT level, and lower calcium (p ≤ 0.015). Correlations between salivary cytokines and matching serum cytokines were significant only for IFN-γ (r = 0.348; p = 0.008). Somatization and depression correlated with serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio (r = 0.447–0.551; p ≤ 0.012). TMD was more prevalent in RA than in controls (43 vs. 27%). Subjects with RA had a higher orofacial pain intensity, somatization, and depression than those without RA (p ≤ 0.018).

Conclusion

Salivary and serum biomarkers were not related to the presence of TMDs in RA. Saliva showed a low potential to reveal the ongoing pathology of RA or TMD. Increased IL-4 and decreased calcium imply control of RA by medications, while increased GGT is linked to systemic inflammation in RA.

Key Points

• Serum biomarkers more accurately reflect the underlying pathology of RA and TMD than salivary biomarkers.

• No specific diagnostic biomarkers were identified that distinguish RA patients with TMDs from those without TMDs.