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<p>The study investigates the freeze–thaw behavior of sulfate saline soils in the arid and semi-arid regions of Ningxia. Through laboratory experiments, the variations in unfrozen water content and temperature under different initial water and salt contents were monitored. Based on the salt-frost heave theory, a response model linking unfrozen water content and volumetric expansion was developed and experimentally validated. The results reveal that salt content governs the sequence of water-salt phase transitions and the intensity of thermal hysteresis, exerting a dominant influence on soil deformation. Specifically, higher salt content prolongs the temperature response time, widens the hysteresis loop, reduces residual water content, and increases deformation and residual strain. Initial water content modulates the phase transition temperature, peak deformation, and path hysteresis. Higher water content corresponds to lower crystallization temperatures and elevated freezing–thawing temperatures, with deformation and hysteresis peaking near the optimum water content. Regardless of variations in salt and water contents, the residual water content consistently stabilizes at approximately 6%. The proposed response model accurately captures the evolution of salt-frost heave during cooling, with a maximum deviation of only 0.089%. These findings offer critical theoretical insights and practical guidance for the treatment of saline soil foundations in seasonally frozen regions.</p>

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Study on water-heat-salt coupling and salt-frost heave response model with evolution characteristics of sulfate saline soil under freez-thaw process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Xiaoling Zhang,
  • Yu Wang,
  • Weibing Zhang,
  • Zhibin Chen

摘要

The study investigates the freeze–thaw behavior of sulfate saline soils in the arid and semi-arid regions of Ningxia. Through laboratory experiments, the variations in unfrozen water content and temperature under different initial water and salt contents were monitored. Based on the salt-frost heave theory, a response model linking unfrozen water content and volumetric expansion was developed and experimentally validated. The results reveal that salt content governs the sequence of water-salt phase transitions and the intensity of thermal hysteresis, exerting a dominant influence on soil deformation. Specifically, higher salt content prolongs the temperature response time, widens the hysteresis loop, reduces residual water content, and increases deformation and residual strain. Initial water content modulates the phase transition temperature, peak deformation, and path hysteresis. Higher water content corresponds to lower crystallization temperatures and elevated freezing–thawing temperatures, with deformation and hysteresis peaking near the optimum water content. Regardless of variations in salt and water contents, the residual water content consistently stabilizes at approximately 6%. The proposed response model accurately captures the evolution of salt-frost heave during cooling, with a maximum deviation of only 0.089%. These findings offer critical theoretical insights and practical guidance for the treatment of saline soil foundations in seasonally frozen regions.